survive in the new economic and philosophical reality. The French governmental structure, which was previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, including executions and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modem France took shape. The ideals brought by the French Revolution for a more equal society rapidly spread along the entire Western world. Although Karl Marx had written “The Poverty of Philosophy” in 1847, a response to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s “The Philosophy of Poverty”, and a critique of French socialist thoughts, he was certainly influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation with a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain happened. The Industrial or English Revolution crystallized some principles that were contrary in many ways to the ideals of the French Revolution, Under the umbrella of the English Revolution, the human being was not the center of matters. Money, or more exactly the capitalist, was the gravity center of the system with few or no regard to workers” life. The changes brought by the Industrial Revolution subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and, later, the world, a process that continued as industrialization. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
In the later part of the 1700s, there was a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual-labor-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques, and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads, and railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19% century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous.
Compared to the civilization history and naval warfare, the history of Aviation is very recent, only about a century old. The camera film was created in 1825. Seventy years later, a motion picture was shown for the first time before an audience in Berlin, Likewise, early developments in Aviation are well-recorded. Because the history of the aerostat started long before that of the airplane, it is less known.
Ancient inscriptions and texts indicate that the Chinese used hot air balloons and gigantic kites before the Christian era in order to keep the battlefield under surveillance. The Mongols used illuminated kites to communicate during the Battle of Legnica against the Poles and Germans in 1241 A.D.
Much later after the Legnica Battle, Portugal became one of the most powerful nations in the world, which came about thanks to the Knights Templar, one of the most famous Christian military orders. Under the influence of the French King Philip, le Beau, the Pope Clement V declared an internal crusade against them. On Friday, October 13, 1307 (a date possibly linked to the origin of the Friday the 13th legend), Philip had all French Templars simultaneously arrested, charged with numerous heresies, and tortured by French authorities nominally under the Inquisition, until they allegedly confessed. This action released Philip from his obligation to repay huge loans from the Templars and justified his looting of Templar treasuries. In 1312, due to public opinion and scandal, and under pressure from King Philip (who had been responsible for maneuvering Pope Clement V into the Vatican), Clement officially disbanded the order at the Council of Vienna. Even though all lands were supposed to be turned over to the Hospitallers, Phillip retained a great deal of the Templar assets in France. Some other European leaders followed suit in an effort to reduce the amount of Church-owned lands and property.
In 1314, three Templar leaders, including Grand Master Jacques De Molay, Hugh De Perault, and Godfrey De Goneville were burned alive at the stake by French authorities after publicly renouncing any guilt. Remaining Templars around Europe, having been arrested and tried under the
