with more particularly in a later chapter. In Marco Polo's time cowries were in full use, as in the province of Yunnan[1].
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Fig. 5. Chinese hoe money.
On the borders of China and Tibet we may still find a state of things not far removed from that existing in the China of 2000 years ago[2]. The Tibetans, who in recent years employ Indian rupees, for purposes of small change cut up these coins into little pieces, which are weighed by the careful Chinese, but the Tibetans do not seem to use the scale, and roughly judge of the value of a piece of silver. Tea, moreover, and beads of turquoise are largely used as a means of payment instead of metal.
Speaking of this same region (called by him Kandu), Polo says[3]: "The money-matters of the people are conducted in this way: they have gold in rods which they weigh, and they reckon its value by its weight in saggi, but they have no coined money. Their small change again is made in this way: they have salt which they boil and set in a mould, and every piece from the mould weighs half-a-pound. Now eighty moulds of this salt are worth one saggio of fine gold." Tea seems to have taken the place of salt in modern times.
Turning next to the southern frontier of China, we shall find among the tribes of Annam a system of currency which strongly reminds us of that found in the Homeric Poems.
Among the Bahnars of Annam who border on Laos, "everything," says that excellent observer M. Aymonier, "is by barter, hence all objects of general use have a known relationship: if we know the unit, all the rest is easy. Here is the key: a
