566 Outlines of European History of their toil, were bitterly persecuted by the Christians. So anxious was Isabella to rid her kingdom of the infidels that she revived the court of the Inquisition.^ For several decades its tribunals arrested and condemned innumerable persons "who were suspected of heresy, and thousands were burned at the stake during this period. These wholesale executions have served to associate Spain especially with the horrors of the Inquisition. Finally, in 1609, a century after Isabella's death, the Moors were driven out of the country altogether. The per- secution diminished or disheartened the most useful and enter- prising portion of the Spanish people, and permanently crippled the country. It was no wonder that the daughter and heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella seemed to Maximilian an admirable match for his son Philip. Philip died, however, in 1506, — six years after his eldest son Charles was born, — and his poor wife, Joanna, became insane with grief and was thus incapacitated for ruling. So Charles could look forward to an unprecedented accumula- tion of glorious titles as soon as his grandfathers, Maximilian of Austria and Ferdinand of Aragon, should pass away.^ He was soon to be duke of Brabant, margrave of Antwerp, count of Holland, archduke of Austria, count of Tyrol, king of Castile, Aragon, and Naples,^ and of the vast Spanish possessions in America — to mention a few of his more important titles, 1 See above, pp. 483-484. 2 Austria Burgundy Castile Aragon Naples, etc. (America) Maximilian I = Mary (d. 1482), Isabella = Ferdinand (d. 15 16) (d. 1519) I dau. of Charles (d. 1504) I I the Bold (d. 1477) | Philip (d. 1506) Joanna the Insane (d. 1555) Charles V (d. 1558) Ferdinand (d. 1564) =: Anna, heiress to kingdoms Emperor, 1 5 19-15 56 Emperor, 15 56-1 564 of Bohemia and Hungary 3 Naples and Sicily were in the hands of the king of Aragon at this time (p. 459)-
