§ 13. Emotions. 199 it may become exciting, and when the intensity becomes maximal, it passes again into depression. Anger is much more emphatically exciting and unpleasant in its predominant characteristics, but when the intensity of the feelings be- comes greater, as when it develops into rage, it becomes depressing. Thus, exciting and depressing tendencies are always mere secondary qualities connected with pleasurable and unpleasurable emotions. Feelings of strain and relaxa- tion, on the contrary, may more frequently be the primary components of emotions. Thus, in expectation, the feeling of strain peculiar to this state is the primary element of the emotion. When the feeling develops into an emotion, it may easily be associated with unpleasurable feelings which are, according to circumstances, either exciting or quieting. In the case of rhythmical impressions or movements, there arise from the alternation of feelings of strain with those of relaxation, pleasurable emotions which may be at the same time either exciting or depressing, according to the character of the rhythm. When they are depressing there may be unpleasurable feelings intermingled with them, or the feelings may all become unpleasurable, especially when other affective elements cooperate, as for example in feelings of clang or harmony. 10. Language has paid the most attention in its devel- opment of names for emotions to the qualitative side of feelings, and among these qualities it is especially the pleasur- able and unpleasurable forms which have been emphasized. These names may be divided into three classes. First, we have names of emotions that are subjectively distinguished, chiefly through the nature of the affective state itself. Such are joy and sorrow and, as subforms of sorrow in which either depressing, straining, or relaxing tendencies of the feeling are also exhibited, sadness, care, grief, and fright. Second, there are names of objective emotions referring to some external
