§ 14. Volitional Processes. 203
of psychical emotional phenomena when we mean those which do not show any immediately perceptible physical symptoms, even when such symptoms can be demonstrated with exact apparatus (as, for example, changes in the pulse and in respiration). On the other hand we speak of psycho-physical- phenomena in those cases which can be immediately recognized as two-sided. References. Maass, Versuch ueber die Leidenschaften, 2 pts., 1805. (This is a comprehensive resume of the older psychology). Bain, The Emotions and the Will, 3rd ed., 1888. Ribot, Psy- chologie des sentiments, 1896. Bourdon, L'expression des émo- tions et des tendances dans le langage, 1892. Lehmann, Die Hauptgesetze des menschlichen Gefuehlsleben, 1892. Wundt, Grundz., 5th ed., vol. Ill, Chap. 16; Lectures, lectures 25 and 26.
§ 14. VOLITIONAL PROCESSES.
I. Every emotion, made up, as it is, of a unified series of interrelated affective processes, may terminate in one of two ways. It may give place to the ordinary, variable, and relatively unemotional course of feelings. Such affective pro- cesses which fade out without any special result, constitute the emotions in the strict sense, such as were discussed in the last paragraph. In a second class of cases the emotional process may pass into a sudden change in ideational and affective content, which brings the emotion to an instanta- neous close; such changes in the sensation and affective state which are prepared for by an emotion and bring about its sudden end, are called volitional acts. The emotion to- gether with its result is a volitional process. A volitional process is thus related to an emotion as a process of a higher stage, in the same way that an emotion is related to a feeling. Volitional act is the name of only one part of the process, that part which distinguishes a volition from an emotion. The way for the development of volitions out of emotions is prepared by those emotions in connection with which external pantomimetic expressive move- ments (p. 191) appear. These expressive movements appear
