extremely few, however. The general treatment of the subject is monographic, with clear, concise, accurate statements instead of any atternpt at popularization, The inclusion of footnotes, of a short but satisfactory bibliography and of an adequate index makes the book useful for the student. Altogether, Mr. Hedges has performed a task of which he has every right to be proud. Future historians, and particularly those interested either in railroad history or in the story of the economic development of the Pacific Northwest, will be grateful to him.
Dartmouth CollegeRosert E. Riegel
Twelve years have now passed since the last revision of Schafer's History of the Pacific Northwest. During this period much research has been done which has warranted another work including these results and reapportioning the emphasis upon various phases of the history of the region. This Mr. Fuller has done and done very creditably.
To those accustomed to think of the Northwest as the Willamette Valley, the book comes somewhat as a shock. Utilizing materials published in an earlier work, Mr. Fuller gives emphasis to the Inland Empire which has too long been neglected in histories of the Pacific Northwest.
Opening with two splendid chapters, one on the geology of the Northwest and the other on the Indians, the author curtails, happily, the exploration accounts into two chapters, one considering explorations by sea, the other by land. The Northwest, the Pacific Fur and the Hudson's Bay Companies each receive treatment, with the author apparently accepting Irving's account of Astoria more than is customary. The treatment of the missionary activities shows the author's emphasis. Jason Lee is treated very slightly, but the missionaries of the Inland region, Whitman, DeSmet, the Whitman massacre and the Cayuse war, are given about forty entertaining pages.
Following chapters on the boundary question, and the settlement and beginnings of government, the author turns to what seems to be one of his main interests. About one-fourth of the book deals with Indian wars but nowhere is there a discussion of these events in relation to Indian policies. There is need of a study of racial relations, and it is disappointing that the author limited himself primarily to military activities.
Two aspects, not commonly dealt with, the author has presented in an interesting manner. One is the subdivision of the Oregon Country into its various territories and the development of the territories to statehood. The other is an account of the "Social Life of the Pioneers" which unfortunately deals only with the Inland Empire and primarily with the mining frontier.
With so much of merit it is unfortunate that the book should close with two entirely inadequate chapters on economic growth. On transportation the author
