been observed by the American Government. Or- dinary considerations of courtesy require that those who may speak to us frankly in confidence shall not be made to suffer by being quoted and thus perhaps be exposed to misunderstanding and criticism. On our part, in preparing a sound basis of action, favorable as well as unfavorable matters have to be considered; yet there is ordi- narily no need of publicly advertising the short- comings of individuals and governments as set forth in reports on such unfavorable matters. Such considerate action is not based on a desire to mislead or to take advantage, but to save un- necessary irritation. For the purpose of permit- ting complete freedom of discussion and of criti- cism without the risk of giving offense, the United States Senate, as a matter of its ordinary pro- cedure, goes -into secret session when discussing a treaty submitted to it. There have, however, been several exceptions. Thus, for instance, the debates on the Bayard-Chamberlain Fisheries Treaty of 1888, on the Taft arbitration treaties of 1912, and on the Nicaragua Treaty of 1916, were carried on, and concluded, in open session. Many senators are in favor of making this the common practice.
Before the war, as Prof. John Bassett Moore,
