I. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DIPLOMACY
DURING the eighteenth century, diplomatic action was dominated entirely by the tactics and stratagems of war. Diplomacy was a continuous struggle for political advantage and power, seeking to accomplish the purposes of war through keen intriguing; it was war pursued in the council chamber. The temper of diplomacy was not that of a commercial transaction, or of cooperation in the works of peace and betterment; but it was intent upon selfish advantage power, prestige, preferment, and all the outward evidences of political success. It did not have the conscience of peaceful enterprise and cooperation, but on the contrary emulated the keen, restless, alert, and all-suspecting spirit of the military commander in action. All the ruses, deceptions, subterfuges, briberies and strategies which the struggle for existence in war appears to render justifiable, diplomacy made use of. It was essentially a political secret service informed with the spirit of life-and-death competition. As,
