facturing countries. At Glasgow the works devoted to the production of ordinary saltpetre from the nitre of Peru extend over acres of ground. In 1868, 100,000,000 pounds were used in Great Britain. As yet, it has been applied to the nourishment of crops only to a limited extent. But this seems to be its chief destination, and for this use it lies in the earth, a vast mine of wealth, for the disposal of coming generations. When multiplied population puts the sustaining power of the earth really to the test, this fund of sustenance on the Peruvian coast must come to outweigh in value the gold and silver mines of the Californian coast.
Of the several nitrogen compounds which nourish plants, ammonia yields the most immediately satisfactory results. And, of this fertilizing material, some well nigh mineralized deposits must be counted in with the earth's possessions. To take note of these ammoniacal materials, we have again to begin at Peru. Standing on the shores which front the nitre-beds, and looking westward upon the Pacific, there are seen, as we are told, the low patches of the Cincha Islands—islands which shine with the whiteness of a powdery covering, a loose deposit of considerable depth. A cargo of this substance was first taken to London in 1840, stored and advertised for sale, and after a while thrown into the Thames. A second cargo was tried as a fertilizer by an English farmer, and found to give such marvelous results that the shipping company made good haste to contract with the Peruvian Government for the entire deposit. This article, well known as guano, has held a settled value ever since its introduction, and, had it come into the hands of the alchemists, it would, very likely, have been presented as an elixir of vegetable life. Now, its worth is graded by analysis, and is indicated chiefly by the proportion of ammonia it contains.
The absence of rain will account, perhaps correctly, for the unusual retention of the soluble material characteristic of the guano of Peru; but the formation of the nitre-beds of that region is a problem in geological chemistry more difficult to determine. There are evidences of volcanic overflow and of marine deposition, and the alkali in the compound may have originated in either of these or other sources, but neither the volcano nor the sea could furnish the nitrogen of the compound. If not from organic accumulations, we seem to be referred to the air as the source of nitrogen, and left to conjecture the conditions and forces which could bring elemental nitrogen into union in so great a quantity. Without pursuing these inquiries, it may be permitted to cite a fact which seems entitled to consideration in the case, namely, the conditions for an unusual overflow of atmospheric ammonia in this region. It is fed by perpetual trade-winds—winds coming from the southeast across a wide continent of soil that is rich to rankness, and warmed under a vertical sun. Coming from the Atlantic and saturated with water, these winds gather the exhalations
