arch or bow at that end, as it is at the opposite one; if, however, it passed directly across the sole from end to end there would be little if any free space beneath, but, being crossed by the flexor longus digitorum, which comes round the ankle at a higher level, it is so drawn up that a hollow beneath the arch is formed; the flexor accessorius, by drawing back the tendon of the flexor longus pollicis, compels it to cross the other nearer to the heel, and so increases this effect. Thus the flexor longus pollicis, regarded as the chord of the arc, becomes itself an arc.
The tendency to inversion which all these muscles, acting from the inner side of the ankle, might occasion is corrected by the long peroneal on the outer side; it also, acting on the base of the first metatarsal bone, a point considerably beyond the center of gravity, has a bracing action on the arch, as the weight of the body falls upon it. In this, too, no doubt the small muscles of the sole assist those of the calf, but I can not accept the converse statement that it is the "muscles of the sole assisted by the tibial muscles" which "are the active agents." The deep muscles of the calf have much the more potent influence. Thus it is that by the action of muscles the whole of the strain which the weight of the body in walking would otherwise throw on the ligaments binding the arch together is removed, and any tendency to flattening of it prevented.
This, which has been called my "bowstring theory," is the view I put forward in a little monograph, "On the Arch of the Foot," written and printed in 1877. For reasons therein given I could not accept the view that the arch is maintained by ligaments, or believe in the carriage-spring movement of those ligaments, yielding to the weight of the body, as the explanation of a springy gait. It is really due to the heel being gently lowered and firmly raised. Upon this the grace of walking depends. On the same grounds I hold that in proper walking the foot does not lengthen. Camper, whose treatise is regarded as classical, but which, as I think, contains many important errors of fact and of induction, said that his knowledge of anatomy taught him that it did so. On the contrary, I believe that as the tightening of a bow-string approximates the ends of the bow, so the bowstring action of the flexor muscles on the arch of the foot tends to shorten it. If walking were a succession of standings, flat-footed alternately on either foot, no doubt there would be lengthening, as the ligaments of the arch yielded. Such a mode of progression is, we know, possible; and, indeed, we sometimes see something like it, hardly, however, to be called walking. I would ask those who believe that the foot in walking lengthens "one tenth of its length, or about an inch" (a statement on high authority made during the past year), to consider this: What, then, would be the condition of the sole, after a long walk, from friction caused by the necessary sliding with the weight of a man borne upon it? As in every mile of the ordinary march of soldiers more
