versity calendars, are appended. There are also separate index-glossaries for the two parts of the book, though a single index would be more convenient. The text is illustrated by one hundred and fifty-eight figures. In the vegetable part, representatives of the fungi, algæ, mosses, and ferns are described. The Scotch fir is taken to represent the gymnosperms; but as the angiosperms show such a great variety in form and structure, a general outline of the group is given, the various points being illustrated by, for the most part, common examples, instead of describing two or three species as representatives of the group. The part devoted to animals occupies about twice the space of that devoted to plants. The vertebrates are represented by the frog, pigeon, and rabbit. While the book contains no directions for manipulation of specimens, the parts of each organism are fully described, and the numerous cuts are minutely lettered.
Synoptical Flora of North America: The Gamopetalæ. Vol. I, Part II, and Vol. II, Part I. By Asa Gray, LL. D. Published by the Smithsonian Institution. New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co. Pp. 480 and 494.
The two portions of the late Prof. Gray's monumental work which have been so far published are reissued in the present volume. These parts together comprise all the gamopetalous dicotyledons. Vol. II, Part I, first published in 1878, has been extended by a supplement of seventy pages, and a complete index of genera, species, etc. A few pages of the text have been recast, and various minor corrections have been made. To the other part, published in 1884, a supplement of eleven pages has been added, and its full index has been made anew. The completed division constitutes the middle half of the entire flora, the author's design being to prefix an account of the Polypetalæ, forming Part I of Vol. I, and to add a second part of Vol. II, dealing with the Apetalæ, and Vol. Ill on the Monocotyledons. Vol. I would thus cover the ground of the two volumes of a "Flora of North America," published by Profs. Torrey and Gray in 1840 and 1843. Prof. Gray was occupied with his great work close up to the time of his death. All botanists will share the regret that he could not have been spared to bring the "Flora" to its completion, and will hope to see the remaining labor finally performed by hands familiar with the methods of the beloved master.
The Tariff History of the United States: A Series of Essays. By F. W. Taussig. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Pp. 269. Price, $1.25.
The papers comprised in this volume were written at different times and have been published through different channels; but they have been revised, pruned, and added to so as to form a harmonious whole, and as they now appear give a fairly connected history of tariff legislation and its workings from 1789 to 1887. The author admits that there may be conditions in the history of a country where a temporary qualified protective policy may be of advantage. Thus, "the transition from a purely agricultural state to a more diversified system of industry may be retarded, in the complete absence of other occupations than agriculture, beyond the time when it might advantageously take place. Secondly, when great improvements take place in some of the arts of production, it is possible that the new processes may be retained in the country in which they originate, and may fail to be applied in another country, through ignorance, the inertia of habit, and perhaps in consequence of restrictive legislation at the seat of the new methods. Here, again, the obstacles to the introduction of the new industry may be of that artificial kind which can be overcome most easily by artificial means." Yet, notwithstanding "both these sets of conditions seem to have been fulfilled in the United States at the beginning of the present century," the lesson drawn from the history of each of several leading branches of manufacture is, that protection has been of very little effect upon its growth. While cotton was probably assisted by the tariff of 1816, its manufacture was securely established before 1824, and "the further application of protection in that and the following years was needless, and, so far as it had any effect, harmful. . . . It appears that direct protective legislation had even less influence in promoting the introduction and early growth of the woolen than of the cotton manufacture." And it is concluded that
