decreased nearly one fifth, yet the price of wheat fell in more than the same proportion. The supplies obtained from European countries fell off in quantity, and would, indeed, have fallen to nothing had it not been for Russia. With her black-earth region, rapidly settled by her own population, she was in nearly the same position as the United States, and responded for a time freely to the demands of the English market.
The economic movement thus fixed upon English wheat interests by adverse conditions proceeded rapidly in the ten years following 1880, and the great changes occurrerd not in England itself, but in the development of competition among outside growers of wheat for export. In 1880 and 1881 it seemed as if the United States held a practical monopoly of the British wheat market. In these years nearly two thirds of the total imports came from the United States, and British India was the only competitor in sight, but far behind America in importance. The quantities of wheat taken from our producers have never since been equaled, and still stand as the record years in this one line of exports. For the rest of the decade the movement fluctuated within wide limits, and it seemed at times as if the position of American wheat in England was seriously threatened. Russia showed a remarkable increase in an ability to export, while British India, its own population not being consumers of wheat, was thought to offer an almost unlimited field for wheat culture and commerce, limited, in fact, only by the difficulties of assuring certain water supply and ready means of transport. A new and not unfavored competitor gave signs of activity in Australasia, while before the year 1890 experts were speculating upon the possibilities of Argentina as a wheat country. Europe, outside of Russia, was practically out of the race; but that loss was more than made good by so many new countries coming forward with a promise of abundant and cheap production. The former table on acreage and price in England is here continued for the decade 1881 and 1890:
| Year. | Wheat acreage. | Gazette price per quarter. |
Total imports. | Imports from | ||
| Europe. | Russia. | |||||
| Acres. | s. | d. | Cwt. | Cwt. | Cwt. | |
| 1881 | 2,805,809 | 45 | 4 | 57,147,933 | 5,680,921 | 4,046,849 |
| 1882 | 3,003,960 | 45 | 1 | 64,240,749 | 13,511,881 | 9,575,632 |
| 1883 | 2,613,162 | 41 | 7 | 64,138,631 | 18,523,701 | 13,346,762 |
| 1884 | 2,677,038 | 35 | 8 | 47,306,156 | 7,344,097 | 5,402,396 |
| 1885 | 2,478,318 | 32 | 10 | 61,498,864 | 15,778,873 | 11,975,644 |
| 1886 | 2,285,905 | 31 | 47,435,806 | 5,840,829 | 3,720,662 | |
| 1887 | 2,317,324 | 32 | 6 | 55,802,518 | 7,796,303 | 5,501,380 |
| 1888 | 2,564,237 | 31 | 10 | 57,261,363 | 26,880,596 | 21,450,346 |
| 1889 | 2,449,354 | 29 | 9 | 58,551,887 | 28,649,886 | 21,320,304 |
| 1890 | 2,386,336 | 31 | 11 | 60,474,180 | 26,473,442 | 19,389,025 |
