no further. We worked all Thursday and Friday with the sand pump, but with no success; the bottom of the hole was surrounded by quicksand containing boulders of coral, and as fast as the sand was got out, so fast it flowed in and faster. The water pumped down^disappeared through the sand, boring and a. fortiori reaming was impossible, and the tubes could not be driven owing to the interspersed boulders. Had the tubes been provided with steel driving ends we might have forced them down ; as it was, the effect of driving them was simply to curl in the lower end. Had we been provided with 4-inch tubes we could have made a fresh start, and might have descended another 30 or 40 feet, but even then ultimate success would not have been ensured, for the chance of meeting again and again with intermixed sand and coral remained always open, and every such encounter would have required lining tubes of diminished calibre.
Baffled in all our endeavours, and no other part of the island offering more hopeful prospects of success, we had no alternative but to abandon the undertaking, and on July 30 we were taken from the island in the “ Penguin,” and returned to Fiji. On landing there we had the mortification to learn that additional apparatus was then on the way to Funafuti, our friends in Sydney having with great generosity at once despatched machinery for driving in sand on receipt of a letter I had sent informing them of the failure of our first borehole. We had had no reason to expect such spontaneous assistance, and even had we been fortunate enough to have remained on the island till the machinery arrived, we should probably not have accomplished the object we had in view, though we might possibly have carried the borehole down to a depth of about 400 feet.
A very free communication must have existed between the borehole and the sea, for whenever a big roller broke upon the reef the rods lifted, and after the lining had been withdrawn, water spurted out of the borehole with the fall of every wave. The open nature of the reef is further indicated bv the fact that the sea water rises with every tide to fill certain depressions, which occur in many places in the middle of the island; as the tide ebbs this water flows away down fissures, often so rapidly as to form little whirlpools.
Wherever I have seen the reef growing it has always presented itself as clumps or islets of coral and other organisms with interspersed patches of sand, and the borings would seem to indicate that it maintains this character for a very considerable depth and possibly throughout. The structure of the reef appears indeed to be that of a coarse “ sponge ” of coral with wide interstices, which may be either empty or filled with sand.
As regards the nature of this “ sand,” it is important to observe that it does not consist of coral debris; this material and fragments
