Page:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Vol 60.djvu/548

tion, as is the coral platform which extends from them, up to and under the hurricane beach. This breccia was probably formed and cemented together when the reef stood at least 4 feet lower than at present, and was produced by the breakers driving fragments of corals from the seaward edge of the reef into the lagoon, as they are now doing over the isthmuses, submerged at high tide, which connect the several islets of the atoll together.

If it should prove true, as I do not donbt, that one of the latest episodes in the history of the reef has been an elevation of, say, 4 feet, then in the immediately antecedent stage, the reef must have been awash, or, perhaps, wholly submerged, and the present terrestrial fauna and flora must have reached it subsequent to its elevation, as sea drift, or have been introduced by human agency.

In conclusion, I would add that to myself the soundings obtained by Captain Field appear to support Darwin’s theory of coral atolls; there remains, however, one very important branch of the subject which stands in need of renewed investigation, and this is the bathymetrical limit to coral life.

Not till I had obtained a close acquaintance with the difficulties of dredging on the steep sides of an atoll did I recognise on how frail a basis our accepted conclusions rest. It is a task difficult enough to get up corals from the lagoon in comparatively shallow water; from the sides of the reef it is well nigh impossible. To obtain dead corals from great depths proves little; living corals are generally found with dead associates, and the latter are the more readily detached and brought to the surface.

The weight of the evidence we already possess is admittedly in favour of a comparatively shallow bathymetrical limit, but much remains to be done before we can speak of any limit as definitely ascertained.