Page:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Vol 60.djvu/96

derived from our standard thermometer, denoted by —196*7°. This would show, therefore, that the temperature coefficient as usually defined is 0*000884 between —35° and 0°.^[1]

These observations are specially interesting as giving additional proof that in the case of a metal of known purity the variation of resistivity, as the metal is continuously cooled, is such as to indicate that it would in all probability vanish at the absolute zero of temperature. In the case of mercury, we are able to obtain a metal in a state of almost perfect chemical purity, and which, when continuously cooled, passes into the solid condition under circumstances which are entirely favourable to the prevention of stresses in the interior of the metal, due to cooling. These measurements, therefore, afford a further confirmation of the law which we have enunciated as a deduction from experimental observations, that the electrical resistivity of a pure metal vanishes at the absolute zero of temperature.

"On the Magnetic Permeability and Hysteresis of Iron at Low Temperatures.” By J. A. F leming, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor of Electrical Engineering in University College, London, and James Dewar, LL.D., F.R.S., Fullerian Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution, &c. Received May 27,—Read June 11, 1896.

Although considerable attention has been paid to the changes produced in the magnetic properties of iron, particularly its magnetic permeability and hysteresis, at ordinary and at higher temperatures, but little information has been obtained up to the present on the behaviour of iron and steel as regards magnetic properties when cooled to very low temperatures. By the employment of large quantities of liquid air we have been able to conduct a long series of experiments on this subject, the results of which we propose here briefly to summarise, leaving for a future communication fuller details and discussion of the results. The experimental work has consisted in making measurements, chiefly by ballistic galvanometer methods, of the permeability and hysteresis loss in certain samples of iron and steel, taken in the form of rings or cylinders. The first experiments were concerned with the variation of the magnetic permeability of soft iron under varying magnetic forces, the iron being kept at a constant low temperature, obtained by placing it in liquid air in a state of very quiet ebullition in a vacuum vessel.

1. This is in close agreement with the values obtained by Guillaume, Mascart, and Strecker for temperatures between 0°C. and +30° C.