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	Soyuz-TM 11	December 2, 1990-May 26, 1991
	Launch crew—Viktor Afanasyev, Musa Manarov, Toyohiro Akiyama/Japan Crew code name—Derbent Landing crew—Viktor Afanasyev, Musa Manarov, Helen Sharman/Britain Crew code name—Derbent Spent 175 days docked to Mir. Its launch shroud and Soyuz booster were painted with the Japanese flag and advertisements. A camera inside the descent module filmed the cosmonauts during ascent for Akiyama’s network.

	Soyuz-TM 12	May 18-October 10, 1991
	Launch crew—Anatoli Artsebarksi, Sergei Krikalev, Helen Sharman/Britain Crew code name—Ozon Landing crew—Anatoli Artsebarski, Toktar Aubakirov/Kazakhstan, Viehboeck/Austria Crew code name—Ozon Spent 144 days docked to Mir. While it was in orbit, the failed coup d’etat against Mikhail Gorbachev rocked the Soviet Union, setting in motion events which led to the end of the Soviet Union on January 1, 1992.

	Soyuz-TM 13	October 2, 1991-March 25, 1992
	Launch crew—Alexandr Volkov, Toktar Aubakirov/Kazakhstan, Franz Viehboeck/Austria Crew code name—Donbass Landing crew—Alexandr Volkov, Sergei Krikalev, Klaus-Dietrich Flade/Germany Crew code name—Donbass Spent 175 days docked to Mir. Krikalev launched from the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, and landed in independent Kazakhstan.

	Soyuz-TM 14	March 17-August 10, 1992
	Launch crew—Alexandr Viktorenko, Alexandr Kaleri, Klaus-Dietrich Flade/Germany Crew code name—Vityaz Landing crew—Alexandr Viktorenko, Alexandr Kaleri, Michel Tognini/France Crew code name—Vityaz Suffered a landing system malfunction, causing its descent module to turn over. It came to rest upside down, trapping its occupants inside until it could be righted.