Bumstead and Wheeler[1] have made a very careful examination of the radio-activity of the emanation obtained from the surface water and soil at New Haven, Connecticut. The emanation, obtained from the water by boiling, was passed into a large testing cylinder, and measurements of the current were made by means of a sensitive electrometer. The current gradually rose to a maximum, after the introduction of the emanation, in exactly the same way as the current increases in a vessel after the introduction of the radium emanation. The decay of activity of the emanations obtained from the water and soil was carefully measured, and, within the limits of experimental error, agreed with the rate of decay of activity observed for the radium emanation. The identity of the emanations from the water and soil with the radium emanation was still further established by experiments on the rate of diffusion of the emanation through a porous plate. By comparative tests it was found that the coefficient of diffusion of the emanations from the water and soil was the same as for the radium emanation. Also, by comparison of the rate of diffusion of carbonic acid, it was found that the density of the emanation was about four times that of carbonic acid, a result in good agreement with that found for the radium emanation (sections 161 and 162).
Bumstead[2] has found that a considerable amount of thorium as well as radium emanation exists in the air of New Haven. For a three hour exposure in the open air, 3 to 5 per cent. of the excited activity on the wire is due to thorium. For a twelve hour exposure, the thorium activity was sometimes 15 per cent. of the whole. On account of the comparatively slow decay of the excited activity of thorium, the activity on the wire after removal for three or four hours was due almost entirely to thorium. The rate of decay could then be measured accurately, and was found to be the same as for a wire exposed in the presence of the thorium emanation.
Dadourian[3] has made an examination of the underground air in New Haven, and has found that this too contains a large
