The TJiirty Years' 1 War 213 III. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) The treaties of Westphalia, the one signed at Munster and the other at Osnabriick, are voluminous, and would fill more than a hundred pages of this volume if printed in full. They contain but six or seven really memorable articles, 1 and are for the most part filled with multitudi- nous provisions regarding the church lands over which Catholics and Protestants had so long been contending, and minor territorial changes among the lesser German states. The treaty of Osnabriick opens as follows 2 : In the name of the Holy and Indivisible Trinity. To all whom 300. Open- these presents may concern, be it known : * ng °* tJ l e When the divisions and disorders which began several Osnabriick years ago in the Roman Empire had grown to a point (O c *o ber2 4» where not only all Germany but some of the neighboring kingdoms as well, especially Sweden and France, found themselves so involved that a long and bitter war resulted, in the first instance between the most serene and powerful prince and lord, Ferdinand II, emperor elect of the Romans, always august, king of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Dal- matia, etc., archduke of Austria, duke of Burgundy, Bra- bant, etc., etc., etc., ... of glorious memory, his allies and adherents, on the one part, and the most serene and power- ful prince and lord, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, of the Goths and Vandals, grand prince of Finland, duke of Esthonia, etc., also of glorious memory, together with the kingdom of Sweden, its allies and adherents, on the other part ; later, after the decease of these aforementioned, be- tween the most serene and powerful lord, Ferdinand III, emperor elect of the Romans, always august, king of Ger- many, etc., etc., and the most serene and very powerful princess and lady, Christina, queen of Sweden, of the Goths 1 For these see History of Western Europe, p. 473 (Vol. II, p. 1 21). 2 The treaty of Munster opens with essentially the same words.
