Article 42. Civil personality is extinguished by death.
The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law, by contract and by will. (32a)
Article 43. If there is a doubt, as between two or more persons who are called to succeed each other, as to which of them died first, whoever alleges the death of one prior to the other, shall prove the same; in the absence of proof, it is presumed that they died at the same time and there shall be no transmission of rights from one to the other. (33)
Chapter 3 - Juridical Persons
Article 44. The following are juridical persons:
- The State and its political subdivisions;
- Other corporations, institutions and entities for public interest or purpose, created by law; their personality begins as soon as they have been constituted according to law;
- Corporations, partnerships and associations for private interest or purpose to which the law grants a juridical personality, separate and distinct from that of each shareholder, partner or member. (35a)
Article 45. Juridical persons mentioned in Nos. 1 and 2 of the preceding article are governed by the laws creating or recognizing them.
Private corporations are regulated by laws of general application on the subject.
Partnerships and associations for private interest or purpose are governed by the provisions of this Code concerning partnerships. (36 and 37a)
Article 46. Juridical persons may acquire and possess property of all kinds, as well as incur obligations and bring civil or criminal actions, in conformity with the laws and regulations of their organization. (38a)
Article 47. Upon the dissolution of corporations, institutions and other entities for public interest or purpose mentioned in No. 2 of article 44, their property and other assets shall be disposed of in pursuance of law or the charter creating them. If nothing has been specified on this point, the property and other assets shall be applied to similar purposes for the benefit of the region, province, city or municipality which during the existence of the institution derived the principal benefits from the same. (39a)
Title II - Citizenship and Domicile
Article 48. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
- Those who were citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of the Philippines;
- Those born in the Philippines of foreign parents who, before the adoption of said Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippines;
- Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines;
- Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship;
- Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. (n)
Article 49. Naturalization and the loss and reacquisition of citizenship of the Philippines are governed by special laws. (n)
Article 50. For the exercise of civil rights and the fulfillment of civil obligations, the domicile of natural persons is the place of their habitual residence. (40a)
Article 51. When the law creating or recognizing them, or any other provision does not fix the domicile of juridical persons, the same shall be understood to be the place where their legal representation is established or where they exercise their principal functions. (41a)
Title III - Marriage
Chapter 1 - Requisites of Marriage
Article 52. Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable social institution. Its nature, consequences and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that the marriage settlements may to a certain extent fix the property relations during the marriage. (n)
Article 53. No marriage shall be solemnized unless all these requisites are complied with:
