yate); and dham, in like manner, makes either dhamyate or dhmāyáte. The corresponding form to √jan, namely jā́yate (above, 761 b), is apparently a transfer to the preceding class.
773. By their form, mriyáte dies, and dhriyáte maintains itself, is steadfast, are passives from the roots mṛ die and dhṛ hold; although neither is used in a proper passive sense, and mṛ is not transitive except in the derivative form mṛṇ (above, 731). With them are to be compared the stems ā-driyá heed and ā-priyá be busy, which are perhaps peculiar adaptations of meaning of passives from the roots dṛ pierce and pṛ fill.
774. Examples of the transfer of stems from the yá- or passive class to the ya- or intransitive class were given above (761 b); and it was also pointed out that active instead of middle endings are occasionally, even in the earlier language, assumed by forms properly passive: examples are ā́ dhmāyati and vy àpruṣyat (ÇB.), bhūyati (MāiU.). In the epics, however (as a part of their general confusion of active and middle forms: 529 a), active endings are by no means infrequently taken by the passive: thus, çakyati, çrūyanti, bhriyantu, ijyant-, etc.
The so-called Tenth or cur-Class.
775. As was noticed above (607), the Hindu grammarians — and, after their example, most European also — recognize yet another conjugation-class, coördinate with those already described; its stems show the class-sign áya, added to a generally strengthened root (for details as to the strengthening, see 1042). Though this is no proper class, but a secondary or derivative conjugation (its stems are partly of causative formation, partly denominative with altered accent), an abbreviated example of its forms may, for the sake of accordance with other grammars, be added here.
a. Example: root cint think, meditate; stem cintáya:
| active. | middle. | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. | Indic. | cintáyāmi | cintáye |
| Subj. | cintáyāni | cintáyāi | |
| Opt. | cintáyeyam | cintáyeya | |
| Pple. | cintáyant | cintáyamāna | |
| Impf. | ácintayam | ácintaye |
b. The inflection, of course, is the same with that of other forms from a-stems (733 a).
c. The middle participle, in the later language, is more often made with āna instead of māna: thus, cintayāna: see 1043 f.
