Scientific American.
THE ADVOCATE OF INDUSTRY,AND JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC, MECHANICAL AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS.
VOL. XIV. NE,V YOHK,
TIlE
OF
IN D USTH Y,
each
SCI E N T I F I C A I E HI CAN, At o. 128 Fulton street. (Sun Buildings,). BY JIL'NN & CO. punLlSHED WEEKLY
KINGSLAND'S PULP ENGINE.
O. D. ::lUY, S. H. ,V ALES, A. E. BEACH.
Re!,pou!ble AI!I?-DU lllHV :tho b fonnd in all the principal cities and towns of the Luitell States. S!tmpson J.r!w :-Ion & Co the Americnn Bookflellcrs, t fv11'i:ilf/f:s(IItt8 Single copies of the paper aTe on 8aIQ at the office of })ublication. and at all the periodical storea in this city Brooklyn and J etoey City. TERMS-Two Dollars per annum.-One Doll... in' advance, and the remainder in six months. on last puge. No Traveling A Jl:d:ectuB =-====------------.
---.----
.
N(w
York,
p' .!7!j.. 1
have been, ar:d are, the t hougs of man, from the e arlie t ages to Great and giga n tic necessary then which are for the
Paper and Paper-:U"king.
t o - day; and as each true thinker has ideas
widely diffused, and securely transmitted to ..fT' 'j posterity, so th at the w orld shall be gro wing - if/-happier and wiser every day, by the posse ssion of the knowledge of the past, and the science of the present . All the peop le of the earth h av e felt this, and thus with some it was the cu stom for the orators and priests to pro uounce in public pl a ces the great thoughts of the great men, in order that they should ever The Egyptians, who had be remembered. .rIore kll o l�.'le dge than any othe r Rm�icnt ruce, , kuew th e value of recordbg f"dS, 1I1ld made l thin a n d flexible material of the PUi':;i'IlJ obtain is, that there are about 750 )JuI",r mi1l3 from which our word ,; p"per" is deriv e d- and in the Uni ted States, the average p roduc t i on Oil it in s c ri bed, by symbolic pictures, their b ein g about One tu n per day. As, le llrning and IIIws. This kind of writing is of each however, more than three-quurters of them c'Ll led "hieroglyphic," from two Greek wonlo, e d by w ater power, which IS only sig nify i ng the w ri t i ng of the priest, because are work eight months in the year, the in those days the prie s ts WCl'C the scribes of available for tion will b e about 220,000 the nation, and to them was left the re cording total annuILI pro du which we import lIbout two milof thll great deeds of t he heroes, lind extulling t uns, besides l y from France and Engthe virtues of the k i ngs . The intensely prac lion pounds ann ual
i de as, sugg estive or retrospeqtive, should be
does it become that theee
good of his sp ecies,
end, so that the y clln move around it., and a stream of clean w at er is constantly The rags are thrown p assing thr o ugh it. against a wire gauze screen, 50 t!lat the water p a sse s through and the rags remain behind, and the y arc moved fUl"ward by a cylinder that has a Berie,; of knives on its p e r ip h ery , wlJich cut thelli up, a n d force them around Thi s is called a "washing to the washcrs. engine." The dir ty water i s removed by a rotating st r ainer, of h e xagonal or o c tag onal sha pe, havi ng a wire gauze s urface , that rubs them, lind the dirty water p lls s e s thro ugh iti c enter to a s hute, by w hic h it is conve:,6d Whcn thorough ly waohcd, the rags away. lime.
are mixed with a clellr solution of chloride of in."
how
adued, und if the paper is to be colored, the stufr" is p a ss e d
T he s e pl"ocesses are ca lled "breaking stllY twenty-four hours in con tact '" iLh th e chloridQ of l im e in tanke, and when thi, hai; beea druiud off it is cal led ". !Jalt' btuff." All tIle bleaching is now washed out in a maebil1e ,Eiimilal' to a "washing engino," and the b l uein g ( ul tr a mllrine) , sizing, und alum The rags
with
sc rape off a n y dirt or mud th at may
with t his they cut the rags into strip 3 , and
11
shurp
knife projecting from it, aud
their surface. straw
conveyed to
a
cutters,
The threaded bol ts , V, passed thro ugh lugs, is p llper made? Through the This D, bring up the back p la t e, 0, wliiln F form of Mess rs . J. & R. Kingsland, of all th e dust out and tears them again. sisted of sixteen. Cadm n s, the builder of enabled to g ive an I m u"h ine is not unlike mllny smut m achines, gu ides for E. B e twe e n 0 1I1ld Q a p late, P, Theb es, carried the invention into Greece Franklin, N. J., we are account of the pro c e ss e s, having i nspected b eing an horizontal drum s lig htly conical, is pl ace d ; it hlls steel teeth, find is ro t llted ab out 1400 B. C.. and from thence they of learning how with a spiked beatcr revolving in it; thi s, rapidly bet ween them by :1 shnft and belt. travele d over the whole w orl d , and thus in their mill for the purpose p aper is really mad e . Eve ry one knows that however, tears, while the smut mach ine ouly This .,h aft works in jo urnals, and has no c' .1tillie every nation had its written, as well as l and ru bs. In mills where coarser varieties of Pll ],trs, so thllt it CRn ttd j ust its el f to the vary its spok en lang u aze . ow arose a great it is made from rags, co Uan, or iIlCII, about these rags there are some c urio u s par- per are made, the spiked duster is represented ing d ist a nce s betweeu the outer plate", and necessity for a material on which to impress are imported by a machine c all ed "the devil," from the the different texture of th" .tcd and Cll>t iron these characters, that words might be formed ticulars. Thus the rags which from Leghorn in Italy (lIe ganer,dly very fero cio u s style ill which it tears up 1111 sub teeth insures thu perfect workin g order of ILo by the combination of letters, and thus whole ' The pulp, when groun d, pa,,", stan c es placed within range of its teeth. The mach in e. sentences would be indelibly fixed. Papyrus dirty, and well worn; and from a bale of th em it is as tonishing how o:,e can obtaiu in- d us t which flie s from the duster, as it con th rongh a pipe , I, in a continuous strcl111J in would n ot supply the dem and, so the skins of s ; tains some fiber, is sold to other paper makers, to the intermediate r eceiv er , H, and from that animals were next c all ed into requisition, and formation of the c ustoms of the w earer who pro duce from it the paper of which boxes through a s hute, J, o ver a strainer, K, to a 'parchment was used, then cotton and linen pa thus, for e xample , it is only d ur i ng the last One pound of the best r ugs will " stuff chest," in lilly convenient lo""tion. corsets have been found among these are made . per was invented. In some times and places the few years In our illustrations Fig. 1 is a per>pective make thre e - qUar t ers of a pound of paper; skius of fishes and the back of tortoises have rags, so it is safe to aSsume that the p easant women of Italy have only latel'y "'ttl'n tho<3 some rags will only make half their weight of vie w, Fig. 2 a back vie w, Fig. 3 " "'rtical been written upon. Nearly all kinds of leaves paper . cross s e c tio n, and Fig. ! a front vie IV of the have thus been made useful, and on this con "particular vanitie3." L egho rn rags.are wor th The torn and dusted rags are next boile d plate, 0, of the engine. from 7 to 7t cent8 per pound . We also saw tinent the Aborigine s expressed their i de as by This is a decided improvement ovu' the old be- in l arg e boilers with lime and soda ash, in hieroglyphics inscribed on bark. The Chinese SODle r ags which h ad been picked ul'ft-om work wi t h fore Sevastopol.,..-tents and c lo t hing. Strange varying propor tio ns, accordin g to the s ta t e of " beating engiue," doing better have made and used excellent paper from time The trap- rags, and other conditions. A false bottom is less attention and power, and its p erform ance mu t ations, but happy change! immemorial. The inventor and about ten cwt. of and delivery is centinuous. d i At the present time, when not only good ping> of hvrri d wlIr at last come to lin Ameri- place n the boiler, rags with lime and soda ash pile d o n it until states thi14 one of these engines of 30 inches th oughts, but every thought and deed is re call paper mill, and are. made into newspapers of doin g as m u ch work -the heralds of pe ll c e-il nd books and maps the boiler is quite full, the li.d is then placed in diameter is capable
tical Phumicians, the Yankees of tho olden
Illnd.
time, invented letters, and their
alphau et Con
kiudne s s
But how
strip, lind the next cutter cuts them trans that they leave the cutters in small pieces. These small bits are c arried by an en d l ess balld to a sp iked du s te r, which ueats v e rs ely , so
straighter; the
this r oom the strips lire series of cutters not u nlike vnly that the knive s lire tir,t one cuta them iuto shorter Frolll
be
on
from this into a cdern, where it is kept in motion by Ull agilator, and frolll tilb, in 11lo)t milh, it is carried to u. "beating ellgiuc," which make. ")Julp" of the " half bltdf" ill flOll! lour to twelve Lour,; but ut Iesbrs. King.land's it i:; elevated by eleva tor.s f'.nd passed through a pIlIp engine, the rlln-cHciuu of J:03C'pli �Kmblp,li.J, u"r., and put. cnted by !Jim December 16[h "nd :!3d, 1::;:Jti. It is fully represented in the acc01l1!",,,ying illustration. The " half staff" descends th e pi I,e, 13, Fig. 1, lind passes into 11 circular chlHb"r, the sides of which are formed of two plates, � Q, provided wi th cast iron teeth; these arc stll tion ary, and call be brought clo"er together
col oring matter is here introduced. The "half
I
or plllced further a par t by the handle and stuff" into pulp of tho d esir ed leng th of fiber.
ge ari ng.
G ACE,
so as to grind the " h alf
corded, when nearly every one can write and
tion among mankind, the amo un t of p aper
as books or lIewspapers, waiti ng for distribu used must be imme nse ; add to these the finer used to
read, when printed information lies in heaps,
-the diffus ers of knowledge.
Iy take l ess labor in th e first process, which is them into colored and white, linen alld cot ton, The bales are cut open, and the rags conveyand they enter the factory in separ ate bal es . " dressing. " The rag pic ker or collector sorts
when they arr ive at the mill, and conse quent-
Domestic rags are least worn and c lea n e s t
eighteen hours, when the fali e bottom is lifted process softens the rags and lo osens the dirt, out, and the rags with it. The lime in this
on, and steam admitted for from twelve to
>J'l
) the
'0'
(
lsi
paper used for
� 1858 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
wri t i ug, and the coarser paper elhelop parcels, and the q uan tity s well., almost beyu"d conception. It ; .; 'cry d lfncult tv "btain statisti cs con cerning the paper tra de in this country, and only informa tion we have been able to
in the fabric, makes a soap, which enables the dirt to be more easily washed out. The next proces is that of washing and
and the soda ash c ombiuin g with the grealle
furnish one that will suitable for siz ed or water leaf, white or colored, coarse or fine paper, at half the first cost, and requirin g one-third less power for the Sam e quantit y of beat clearer
J. & R. Kingsland
as four of the ordinary engines, w i th rolls 28 inches in diameter and 30 inch e s face. Messrs. and better pulp, can
ber of females,
ed to the" dressing " room. each s tandi ng before a table
Here are a num-
divided down the center, with an opening at
bleaching.
T he rags are placeti in long tubs
work-as an ordinary one. dre ss ed as above.
They may be ad
The" stuff chest" is a large wo oden
cis t er n
