into action, and the equilibrium is consequently disturbed, the electricity will, in its endeavour to re-establish itself, if its mobility be solely confined to the extent of the ring, flow off on both sides. If this tension were merely momentary, the equilibrium would very soon be re-established; but if the tension is permanent, the equilibrium can never be restored; but the electricity, by virtue of its expansive force, which is not sensibly restrained, produces in a space of time, the duration of which almost always escapes our senses, a state which comes nearest to that of equilibrium, and consists in this; that by the constant transmission of the electricity, a perceptible change in the electric condition of the parts of the body through which the current passes is nowhere produced. The peculiarity of this state, also occurring frequently in the transmission of light and heat, has its foundation in this; that each particle of the body situated in the circle of action receives in each moment just so much of the transmitted electricity from the one side as it gives off to the other, and therefore constantly retains the same quantity. Now since by reason of the first fundamental position the electrical transition only takes place directly from the one particle to the other, and is, under otherwise similar circumstances, determined according to its energy by the electrical difference of the two particles, this state must evidently indicate itself on the ring, uniformly excited in its entire thickness, and similarly constituted in all its parts, by a constant change of the electric condition, originating from the point of excitation, proceeding uniformly through the whole ring, and finally again returning to the place of excitation; whilst at this place itself, a sudden spring in the electric condition, constituting the tension, is, as was previously stated, constantly perceptible. In this simple separation or division of the electricity lies the key to the most varied phænomena.
The mode of separation of the electricity has been completely determined by the preceding observation; but the absolute force of the electricity at the various parts of the ring still remains uncertain. This property may be best conceived, by imagining the ring, without its nature being altered, opened at the point of excitation and extended in a straight line, and representing the force of the electricity at each point by the length of a perpendicular line erected upon it; that directed upwards may represent a positive electrical, but that downwards a negative
