teeth" and "aboral feet"; the teeth immediately surround the opening of the mouth, whilst the feet are remote from it and usually placed in the aboral half of the body, more rarely in the equator or in the oral half. The general form and structure are the same in both groups of apophyses, but their position and direction is different; the circoral teeth are directed forwards, often parallel (at the base at least), while the aboral feet are either divergent and directed backwards, or they diverge forwards in the basal part, then form a large arch, and finally curve backwards.
The number of the aboral feet, and their position relative to the circoral teeth, are different but probably constant in each single species, and serve, in the first place, for the distinction of genera and species. Tuscarora (in restricted sense) (Pl. 100, figs. 1-6), has constantly three feet (comparable to the three cortinar feet of the tripodal Nassellaria); Tuscarusa (Pl. 100, fig. 7) has four feet, opposite in pairs and forming a regular cross; Tuscaridium, finally (Pl. 100, fig. 8), has only one foot, which is situated in the main axis, on its aboral pole, and may therefore be called a caudal spine.
The number of the circoral teeth varies from two to four, and is usually three. Originally these three teeth alternate regularly with the three aboral feet, so that the latter may be regarded as perradial, the former as interradial (Pl. 100, figs. 1-4). The proportion of the number of each group of apophyses in the different species is synoptically shown in the following table:—
| Depth in Fathoms. |
Challenger Station. |
Length of the Shell. |
Breadth of the Shell. |
Number of Feet. |
Number of Pedal Pores. |
Number of Teeth. |
Number of Dental Pores. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Tuscarora bisternaria, | 3000 | 264 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 8 |
| 2. | " murrayi, | 2000 | 295 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 3. | " wyvillei, | 2250 | 291 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| 4. | " tetrahedra, | 2450 | 348 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| 5. | " tubulosa, | 3000 | 249 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| 6. | " porcellana, | 2650 | 325 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| 7. | " belknapii, | 2025 | 293 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 8. | Tuscarusa medusa, | 3125 | 253 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| 9. | Tuscaridium cygneum, | 3050 | 250 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| 10. | " lithornithium, | 3000 | 264 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
The base of the apophyses in all Tuscarorida is inflated, conical, and pierced by a small number of large ovate pores, the typical "basal pores," which occur also in the closely allied Circoporida. The number of these basal pores varies from two to eight, and is usually three or four; it never becomes in this family so great as in the Circoporida, where each circle of pores is often composed of sixteen to twenty-four or more basal pores. The number seems to be rather constant in each single species, as may be seen in the preceding Table. The pedal pores (on the base of the aboral feet) are usually larger than the dental pores (on the base of the circoral teeth). Their form is
