ruling man. Education lacking, the undeveloped child-brain persists into adult life, to the detriment of its possessor and the discomfort of its surroundings. Where the environment is favorable to decent living, the child-brained adult is merely peevish or passionate, ill-regulated, illogical, prejudiced, narrow; the type is common enough, and, as might be expected, is more common among women than among men, because in them intellect has been more subordinated to feeling, and their education has been a mere farce. Where the environment is unfavorable, the child-brained adult becomes a criminal, hurried by his unregulated desires and thoughtless impulses over the barriers of conduct set up by society.
The congenitally deficient brain is the brain of the low-class savage, approaching the brute, or the brain in which some part is wanting, rudimentary, or stunted. The possessors of these brains must inevitably be criminals in civilised society, belonging as they do to a lower plane of development. Where the intellectual deficiency is very extreme, idiocy or lunacy is admitted, and the sufferer is regarded as "irresponsible"; but where he shows any comprehension of causation he is held as a criminal when he disregards law. It is not yet recognised that considerable sharpness of some intellectual qualities may co-exist with congenital deficiency of other qualities which subserve social life; or that there may be large development of sensative capacity, with stunted development of all intellectual capacity save that which serves for predatory purposes. The type of skull denominated "criminal" is well-known, and no one can visit any museum in which there is a collection of casts of criminals' heads without noticing the number which present the retreating forehead, the brutal mouth and jaw, the sloping occiput, characteristic of the class. Mr. Francis Galton, in his curious and most interesting composite photographs, has obtained some typical heads and faces from the apposition of a large number of photographs of criminals; and it is startling to see the repulsiveness which emerges, when the superposition of many pictures has destroyed all that is characteristic of the individual, and has left only the characteristics of the type.
But we have not only to rely on the general conformation of the brain for evidence of the connexion between
