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[Hoffmann, 1972]. Theories assuming the existence of an ether survived the emergence of this and other anomalies, until Einstein’s 1905 paper on special relativity changed the paradigm and accounted for the Michelson-Morley results.

Pitfalls: theories persist even when disproved by data;

ignoring data inconsistent with dominant paradigm.

In the section called ‘Paradigm and Scientific Revolution’ in this chapter, Jarrard gives a detailed interpretation of Thomas Kuhn’s ideas, yet he dismisses Stephen Toulmin’s arguments by attacking his analogy, and he dismisses alternative opinions with a single reference.

Pitfalls:

ignoring data inconsistent with dominant paradigm;

advocacy masquerading as objectivity;

biased evaluation of subjective data.