O
objectivity, 2, 91, Chapter 6
- abandonment of, 144
- group, 143-145, 151
- individual subjectivity, 151
- lapse of, 89, 140-145, 164, 188
- myth of, 12, 125, 126, 137, 138, 141, 199
- perception and, see: perception
- postmodernism and, see: postmodernism
observational science, see: science - observational
Occam’s razor, 149
oceanography, 101, 106, 122, 178, 193
outline, 153
P
paradigm
- anomaly, 162
- change or overthrow, 162, 163, 209
- definition of, 161
- effects on hypotheses, 99, 162
- effects on scientific change, 161, 162
- examples of, 11, 59, 161, 164, 178, 207, 208
- pitfalls, 164, 165
- pre-paradigm, 161, 188
- testing paradigm, 158
pattern recognition: Chapter 3
perception, 125
- assumptions of, 62, 129
- bias of, 125-129, 139
- expectation and, 125, 126, 128, 129, 135
- memory and, 131-135
- schema, 44, 132-135, 177
philosophy, 4, 136
philosophy of science, 1, 2, 10, 12-14, 61, 72, 143, 146, 156, 157, 159, 163, 164, 188
physical science, 15, 62, 125, 164, 189, 194
physics, 10, 11, 20, 44, 59, 61, 63, 125, 129, 130, 132, 146, 149, 161, 178, 179, 187, 194, 206, 208
pilot study, 27, 29, 102, 103
plagiarism, 207
planning, see: experiment - planning
plotting of data, 36, 50
- plotting hints, 52, 53
postmodernism, 135, 136
- postmodern critique, 135, 136
precision, 17, 18, 20, 26, 27, 102, 103, 113, 120, 122, 143
- definition of, 17
prediction, 13, 14, 20, 43, 139, 147, 148, 156, 160, 162, 164
preparation, 98, 111, 169-171
probability, 20, 108
- combined, 21
- definition of, 20
- logical, 156
problem
- problem solving methods, 104, 105, 109, 169, 171-173, 180
- recurrence of, 109
- reformulation of, 64, 111
- setback, 98
- statement of, 111, 171
proof, 160
pseudoscience, 187, 188
psychology, 55, 96, 98, 100, 118, 126, 139, 181, 188
publication
- case studies of, 207-210
- concept mapping of, 154
- necessity of, 197, 207
- pitfalls, 140, 209
- productivity, 198, 205
- style, 12, 123, 140, 184, 205, 207
- writing, 155
pure research, see: science - basic
puzzle solving, 180, 181
R
random sampling, see: sampling - random
Raven’s Paradox, 158
reading, see: literature – reading of
regression analysis, see: statistics – linear regression
reliability, 18, 20
religion, 5, 6
- Christianity, 5-9, 88
- Islam, 6-9
- relationship to science, 8, 9, 60
replicatability, 17, 20, 188
replicate measurements, 17, 18, 20, 22, 66, 105, 113, 123
replication of experiments, 20, 27, 101, 142, 143, 145, 206
representative sampling, see: sampling representative
research, see: experiment, experimental design, experimental technique, science
S
sampling
distribution, see: statistics - normal distribution function
