attraction, consequently the sphere would become an oblate
spheroid; and a fluid partially or entirely covering a solid, as
the ocean and atmosphere cover the earth, must assume that
form in order to remain in equilibrio. The surface of the sea
is therefore spheroidal, and the surface of the earth only deviates from that figure where it rises above or sinks below the
level of the sea; but the deviation is so small that it is unimportant when compared with the magnitude of the earth.
Such is the form of the earth and planets, but the compression or flattening at their poles is so small, that even Jupiter,
whose rotation is the most rapid, differs but little from a
sphere. Although the planets attract each other as if they
were spheres on account of their immense distances, yet the
satellites are near enough to be sensibly affected in their motions by the forms of their primaries. The moon for example
is so near the earth, that the reciprocal attraction between each
of her particles and each of the particles in the prominent
mass at the terrestrial equator, occasions considerable disturbances in the motions of both bodies. For, the action of the
moon on the matter at the earth's equator produces a nutation
in the axis of rotation, and the reaction of that matter on the
moon is the cause of a corresponding nutation in the lunar orbit.
If a sphere at rest in space receives an impulse passing through its centre of gravity, all its parts will move with an equal velocity in a straight line; but if the impulse does not pass through the centre of gravity, its particles having unequal velocities, will give it a rotatory motion at the same time that it is translated in space. These motions are independent of one another, so that a contrary impulse passing through its centre of gravity will impede its progression, without interfering with its rotation. As the sun rotates about an axis, it seems proheble if an impulse in a contrary direction has not been given to his centre of gravity, that he moves in space accompanied by all those bodies which compose the solar system, a circumstance that would in no way interfere with their relative motions; for, in consequence of our experience that force is proportional to velocity, the reciprocal attractions of a system remain the same, whether its centre of gravity be at rest, or moving uniformly in space. It is computed that had the earth received its motion from a single impulse, such impulse must
