transits of Venus that difficulty is obviated. When that planet is in her nodes, or within 114°of them, that is, in, or nearly in the plane of the ecliptic, she is occasionally seen to pass over the sun like a block spot. If we could imagine that the sun and Venus had no parallax, the line described by the planet on his disc, and the duration of the transit, would be the same to all the inhabitants of the earth; but as the sun is not so remote but that the semidiameter of the earth has a sensible magnitude when viewed from his centre, the line described by the planet in its passage over his disc appears to be nearer to his centre or farther from it, according to the position of the observer; So that the duration of the transit varies with the different points of the earth's surface at which it is observed. This difference of time, being entirely the effect of parallax, furnishes the means of computing it from the known motions of the earth and Venus, by the same method as for the eclipses of the sun. In fact the ratio of the distances of Venus and the sun from the earth at the time of the transit, are known from the theory of their elliptical motion; consequently, the ratio of the parallaxes of these two bodies, being inversely as their distances, is given; and as the transit gives the difference of the parallaxes, that of the sun is obtained. In 1769, the parallax of the sun was determined by observations of a transit of Venus made at Wardhus in Lapland, and at Otaheite in the South Sea, the latter observation being the object of Cook's first voyage. The transit lasted about six hours at Otaheite, and the difference in the duration at these two stations was eight minutes; whence the sun's parallax was found to be 8″.72; but by other considerations it has subsequently been reduced to 8″.575; from which the mean distance of the sun appears to be about 95996000, or ninety-six millions of miles nearly. This is confirmed by an inequality in the motion of the moon, which depends on the parallax of the sun, and which when compared with observation gives 8″.6 for the sun's parallax.
The parallax of Venus is determined by her transits, that of Mars by direct observation. The distances of these two planets from the earth are therefore known in terrestrial radii; consequently their mean distances from the sun may be computed
