346 PORTUGAL.
The executive authority rests, under the Sovereign, in a respon- sible Cabinet, divided into six departments, namely
1. The. Ministry of Public Works. — Marquis cFAvila e de Bolama ; appointed Minister of Public- Works and President of the Council of Ministers, October 30, 1870.
2. The' Ministry of the Interior. — Antonio, Bishop of Vizeu, appointed October 30, 1870.
3. The Ministry of Justice and of Ecclesiastical Affairs. — Augusto Saraiva de Carvalho, appointed November 1, 1870.
4. The Ministry of Finance. — Carlos Bento de Silva, appointed November 1, 1870.
5. The Ministry of Marine and of the Colonies. — Jose de Mello Gouveia, appointed November 1, 1870.
6. The Ministry of War. — General Jose Maria de Moraes Bego, appointed November 1, 1870.
7. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. — Marquis cCAvila e de Bolama, appointed ' ad interim ' November 1, 1870.
8. The Ministry of Public Instruction. — Antonio, Bishop of Vizeu, appointed ' ad interim ' November 1, 1870.
There have been very frequent changes of Ministry in recent years. In the course of the first eleven months of 1870 there were three changes, the office of President of the Council of Ministers being held, first, by the Marquis de Sa da Bandeira, secondly by the Duke de Louie, thirdly by the Duke de Saldanha, and fourthly by the Marquis d'Avila e de Bolama.
The Sovereign is permitted, in important cases, to take the advice of a Council of State, or Privy Council, consisting of thirteen ordinary and three extraordinary members, nominated by the Crown for life. The leading ministers, past and present, generally form part of the Privy Council.
Church, and Education.
The Eoman Catholic faith is the State religion ; but all other forms of worship are tolerated. The Portuguese Church is under the special jurisdiction of a ' Patriarch,' with extensive powers, two archbishops, and fourteen bishops. The Patriarch of Lisbon is always a cardinal, and, to some extent, independent of the Holy See of Rome. Under the Patriarch are five continental and five colonial bishops; under the Archbishop of Braga, who has the title of Primate, are six; and under the Archbishop of Evora three bishops. The total income of the upper hierarchy of the Church is calculated to amount to 300,000 milreis, or 67,500?. There are 3,7G9 parishes,
