COMMERCE
879
In 1901-11 there were 24 manufactories of sugar from starch, which yielded 10,064 tons of dry sugar, 62,316 tons of syrup, and 4,519 tons of colour.
The following table shows the quantity of beer brewed within the Beer- excise district (Brausteuergebiet) , which includes all the States of the ZoUgebiet, except Bavaria, Wiirttemberg, Baden, and Alsace-Lorraine. The amounts are given in thousands of hectolitres (1 hectolitre = 22 gallons) : —
Years g^gj,
beginning ^^^^^^ jy^^^ 1 April
1907 1908 1909 1910 1911
42,183 40,190 37,340 38,080 41,348
Bavaria
18,641 18,483 18,254 18,110 19,647
Wiirttem- berg
Baden
Alsace- Lon-aine
1,450 i
3,975
3,286
3,660
3,227
1,401 j
3,516
3,186
1,290 i
3,981
2,801
1,206
! 4,378
3,208
1,483
Total (ZoUgebiet)
69,535 66,961 63,754 64,465 70,353
The total number of active breweries in the Beer-excise district was in 1911, 4,204. The amount brewed per head of the population in 1911 was in gallons : — the Excise district, 17 ; Bavaria, 54; Wiirttemberg, 39 ; Baden, 32 ; Alsace-Lorraine, 21 ; the entire ZoUgebiet, 23 gallons. In 1911, there were 67,236 distilleries in operation, which produced 80,121,558 gallons of alcohol.
In 1911, 518,821 juvenile workers were employed in Germany, 340,316 being males and 178,505 females. Of these, 7,434 were boys and 5,970 girls under 14 years of age.
Commerce.
The commerce of the Empire is under the administration and guidance of special laws and rules, emanating from the Zollverein, or Customs Union, which, since March 1, 1906, embraces practically the whole of the states of Germany and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, as also the Austrian communes of Jungholz and Mittelberg. A few districts in Baden (3,863 inhabitants), on the Swiss frontier, and the Island of Helgoland, the Free Haven of Hamburg, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Geestemunde, Cuxhaven and Emden, still remain unincluded. The commercial statistics, however, exclude only the commerce of the island of Helgoland and the districts iu Baden. Population of the entire ZoUgebiet in 1905, 60,871,554.
Since 1879 Germany has been protectionist in her commercial policy. Of the total imports in 1911, the value of 229,665,500^. was subject to duty, and 255,636,050Z. duty-free (exclusive of the precious metals). The duties levied amounted to 43,680,500^., or 19 per cent, of the value of the imports subject to duty.
The following table shows (in pounds sterling) the si^ecial trade for six years : —
I
Years
Imports
Exports
£
354,745,850 324,074,900 342,934,650
Years Imports
Exports
1907 1908 1909
£
450,031,050 403,854,650 443,020,500
1910 465,499,000
1911 500,347,250
1912 506,028,000
£ 382,209,900 411,219,900 437,022,000
The following are the principal details of the special commerce for the years 1911 and 1912 (20 marks = £1),
