AREA AND POPULATION — RELIGION — FINANCE
913
one-half the number. The House of Burgesses has in permanence a Committee of the House, consisting of 20 deputies, of whom no more than five may be members of the legal profession. The Committee watches the proceedings of the Senate and the general execution of the articles of the Constitution. In all matters of legislation, except taxation, the Senate has a veto ; and, in case of a constitutional conflict, recourse is had to an assembly of arbitrators, chosen in equal parts from the Senate and the House of Burgesses ; also to the Supreme Court of Judicature of the Empire (Reichsgericht) at Leipzig. The jurisdiction of the Free Port was, on January 1, 1882, restricted to the city and port, and on October 15, 1888, the whole of the city, except the actual port and the warehouses connected with it (population 1,729 in 1910), was incorporated in the Zollverein. This involved an expenditure of six millions sterling, to which the Imperial Government contributes two millions.
Area and Population. — Area, 160 English square miles ; population on December 1, 1880, of 453,869 ; December 1, 1910, 1,014,664. The State consists of two divisions, the population of each of which was as follows on November 1, 1911 :— City of Hamburg, 953,079 ; Landgebiet (4 Landherren- schaften), 85,860. There were on December 1, 1910, 28,675 foreigners—
9.920 Austrians, 2,481 Swedish and Norwegians, 3,775 Danes, 2,277 British,
7.921 other Europeans, 1,775 non-Europeans, and 526 unclassified. Emigration via Hamburg for five years : —
Year
From
Hamburg
itself
Other Germans
Foreigners
Total
Bound for the United States
For other Destinations
1907 1908 1909 1910 1911
761 529 502 639 612
8,489 6,071 5,851 6,857 5,895
146,732
41,995
107,182
110,635
80,388
155,982
48,595
113,535
118,131
86,895
147,235 37,442 98,322
103,077 67,528
8,747 11,153 15,213 15,054 19,367
Marriages (1911), 9,007 ; births, 23,414 (800, or 3 -42 percent., still-born ; 3,188, or 13-62 per cent., illegitimate); deaths, 15,040: surplus of births, 7,574.
Religion, Instruction, and Justice.— On December i, 1910, 930,071
Protestants (91-66 per cent.), 51,036 Roman Catholics (5*03 per cent.), 3,942 other Christians (0-39 per cent.), 19,472 Jews (1-92 percent.), and 10,143 ' all other ' (1 "00 per cent. ).
In the year ending March, 1912, Hamburg (State)had 244 public elementary schools with 3,856 teachers (2,334 male, 1,522 female), and 120,740 pupils; cost for the year, 15,333,896 marks, of which 13,151,754 marks was pro- vided by the State ; 19 higher State schools with 11,662 pupils and 77 private schools with 19,770 pupils.
The State contains three Amtsgerichte, a Landgericht, and the "Han- seatische Oberlandesgericht," or court of appeal for the Hanse Towns and the Principality of Liibeck (Oldenburg). In 1910, 9,314, and 1911, 9,072 persons, in the State of Hamburg, were convicted of crime.
Finance.— For 1912 the ordinary revenue was estimated at 10,198,875Z., and expenditure 10,198,875?. Direct taxes amount to nearly half of the whole revenue, and next to that the proceeds of domains, quays, railways, &c. Exyjenditure for the debt, 1,716,555?. in 1912 ; for education, 1,153,112?. The Income Tax amounts to 11. 2s. per head of population.
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