INSTRUCTION
1193
deciding theological and dogmatic questions. Practically, the Procurator of the Holy Synod enjoys wide powers in Church matters.
With the exception of the restraints laid on ihe Jews, all religions may be freely professed in the Empire. The dissenters have been and are still, however, severely persecuted, though recently some liberty has been extended to those of the ' United Church,' It is estimated that there are more than 12, 000, 000 dissenters in Great Russia alone. The affairs of the Roman Catholic Church are entrusted to a Collegium, and those of the Lutheran Church to a Consistory, both settled at St. Petersburg. Roman Catholics are most numerous in the former Polish provinces, Lutherans in those of the Baltic, and Mohammedans in Eastern and Southern Russia, while the Jews are almost entirely settled in the towns and larger villages of the western and south- western provinces.
There are no trustworthy figures as to the numbers of adherents of different creeds — many dissenters being inscribed under the head of Greek Orthodox. The numbers, however, according to census returns of 1897, published in 1905. are ffiven as follows : —
Orthodox Greek and
1
Anglicans
4,183
United Church .
87,123,604
Other Christians
3,952
Dissidents
2,204,596
Karaims .
12,894
Armenian Gregorians
1,179,241
Jews
5,215,805
,, Catholic .
38,840
Mohammedans
13,906,972
Roman Catholic
11,467,994
Buddhists
433,863
Lutheran
3,572,653
Other non- Christians
285,321
TJpfnrmpfl
85 400
Baptists .
38,139
Total
. 125,640,021
Mennonites
66,564
The Russian Empire is divided into 66 bishoprics {eparchiya), which were under 3 metropolitans, 14 archbishops, and 50 bishops ; the latter had under them 37 vicars ; all of them are of the monastic clergy. There were, in 1910, 52,869 churches both public and private with 49, 642 priests and 14,670 deacons. The monasteries on December 31, 1910, numbered 942, 524 tor men and 418 for women, with 9,987 monks and 9,582 aspirants and 14,008 nuns and 46,811 aspirants. The management of Church affairs is in the hands of 62 "consistoria." For Roman Catholics there is an Archbishop of Warsaw and another of Mobile v, each with six suffragan bishoprics. Of the suffragans of Mohilev one is of the Graeco-Ruthenian rite, of which rite there is another bishop immediately subject to Rome.
The expenditure of the Synod in the budget of 1912 is: 40,129,979 roubles contributed by the Imperial budget. The expenditure for other churches is about 1,500,000 roubles, contributed chiefly by the Ministry of Interior.
Instruction.
Most of the schools in the Empire are under the Ministry of Public In- struction, and the Empire is divided into 15 educational districts (St. Peters- burg, Moscow, Kazan, Orenburg, Kharkov, Odessa, Kiev, Vilna, Warsaw, Riga, Caucasus, Turkestan, West Siberia, East Siberia, and Amur). However, many special schools are under separate. Ministries.
There are universities at St. Petersburg (8,746 students), Moscow (10,399), Kharkov (4,062), Kiev (5,302), Kazan (2,447), Odessa (2,756), Yuriev or Dorpat (2,668), Tomsk (1,271), Warsaw (2,002), and Saratov (200). Total number of students, 39,853, (January 1, 1911). A Popular University bearing the name of General Alphonse Shaniavsky, who has given the funds necessary for its creation, has existed at Moscow since autumn, 1908, Finland has a university at Helsingfors, with 2,778 students
