JUSTICE AND CRIME
1293
sophy, and medicine. There is a Polytechnic School, maintained by the Federal Government, at Ziirich, Avith a teaching stalf of 185 and 1,336 matriculated students, in 1909. The academy of Neuchatel was trans- formed into a university in May, 1909, but without the faculty of medicine. The following table shows the year of foundation of each university, the number of teaching staff and of matriculated students in the various branches of study in each of the seven universities in the winter of 1912-13:—
Basel (14G0) .
Zurich (1832) .
Bern (1834) .
Geneva (15591 & 1873^) .
Lausanne (15371 & 18903)
Fnbourg (1889)
Neuchatel (18601 & 1909)^
Theology
Law
Medicine 230
81
74
3f)
283
454
3(i
472
379
30
280
625
IC)
258
293
•244
115
—
1 ^*'*
67
—
Philosophy
Total
414
799
610
1,383
606
1,493
566
1,501
•489
1,056
244
603
159
236
Teaching
Stafif
129 158 146 158 121 92 57
1 As an Academy.
2 As a University.
These numbers are exclusive of 'hearers,' but inclusive of over 1,100 women students.
Justice and Crime.
The ' Bu]ides-Gericht, ' or Federal Tribunal, which sits at Lausanne, con- sists of 19 members, with 9 supplementary judges, appointed by the Federal Assembly for six years, the President and Vice-President, as such, for two years. The President has a salary of 13,000 francs a year, and the other members 12,000 francs. The Tribunal has two sections, to each of which is assigned the trial of suits in accordance with regulations framed by the Tribunal itself. It has original and final jurisdiction in suits between the Confederation and cantons ; between cantons and cantons ; between the Con- federation or cantons and corporations or individuals, the value in dispute being not less than 3, 000 francs ; between parties who refer their case to it, the value in dispute being at least 3,000 francs ; and also in such suits as the constitution or legislation of cantons places within its authority. There are also many classes of railway suits which it is called on to decide. It is a Court of Appeal against decisions of other Federal authorities, and of can- tonal authorities applying Federal laws. The Tribunal also tries persons accused of treason or other offences against the Confederation. For this pur- pose it is divided into four chambers : the Chamber of Accusation, the Criminal Chamber (Cour d'Assises), the Federal Penal Court, and the Court of Cassation. The jurors who serve in the Assize Courts are elected by the people, and are paid ten francs a day when serving.
Each canton has its own judicial system for ordinary civil and criminal trials.
On December 31, 1910, the prison pojjulation (condemned) of Switzerland consisted of 4,210, of whom 511 were women.
Capital punishment exists in Appenzell-I.-Rh., Obwalden, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, St. Gallen, Luzern, Wallis, Schaffhausen, and Freiburg.
