BOOKS OF REFERENCE
105
There are Protestant and Catholic missions. The laws are based on the Indian penal, criminal, and civil procedure codes, and local proclamations and ordinances. There is an Imauni's Court for Muhammadan law. Native and Indian constabulary, 800 men under European officers.
—
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
Revenue Expenditure . Exports ....
Imports.
£
141,268 l.-!0,110 505,507 340,705
£
148,017 117,787 538,165 321,392
£
236,322 109,093 533,821 340,469
£ 221,284 131,862 5.37,719 443,4^(5
£
159,456 16.3,758 564,293 537,025
The revenue includes sums realised by land sales, and the expenditure includes sums spent on capital account for railways and telegraphs.
Sources of revenue : Opium, spirit farms, birds'-nests, court fees, stamp duty, licences, import and export duties, royalties, land sales, &c. No public debt.
Most of the trade is carried on through Singapore and Hong Kong with Great Britain and the colonies. The chief products are timber, sago, rice, gums, coffee, many fruits, nutmegs, cinnamon, pepper, gambier, gutta-percha, rubber, camphor, rattans, tapioca, sweet potatoes, and tobacco, which is being planted on a large scale. Coal, iron, gold, and mineral oil have been found. The exports comprise the products mentioned, with birds' nests, seed pearls, beche-de-mer, &c. Exports of leaf tobacco in 1908, valued 277,217^. ; 1909, 294,221/. ; 1910, 273,302/. ; 1911, 252,268/. Exports of rubber in 1911, 260,900 lbs., value 50,844/. Shipping: 1908, entered 151,218 tons, cleared 151,607 tons; 1909, entered 190,711 tons, cleared 189,372 tons ; 1910, entered 157,605 tons, cleared 158,894 tons.
A railway, 130 miles, runs from Brunei Bay into the interior, and from there to Jesselton on Gaya Bay. Borneo is now connected by cable with the outer world. There is a telegraph line from Menumbok, where the cable reaches land, to vSandakan, where there is also a telephone exchange ; also a line along the railway to Jesselton and Kudat, and from Darvel Bay to Sandakan.
At Sandakan there are agencies of the Chartered Bank of India, A-Ustralia, and China, and of the National Bank of China, and the North r)Orneo C'ompany transacts banking business.
The Government issues its own copper coinage (cents and half-cents) ; nickel coinage of 1, 2^ and 5 cents ; also notes of one, five, ten, and twenty-five dollars, and of 25 and 50 cents to the extent of 400,000 dollars. Accounts are kept in dollar currency.
Books of Reference concerning^ Borneo.
British North Borneo Herald [fortnightly newspaper], Sandakan. Consular Reports on the State of Brunei.
Baring-Gould (S.) and Bavipfylde (C. A.), History of Sarawak (1839-190S). London 1909.
Beccari (O.), Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo. London, 1904.
Bre.itenstein{H.), Ein und zwaiizig .lahre in Tndien. P. and L Borneo, 1899.
Cator (D.). Everyday life among tlie Head-Hnnter.s. London, 1005.
Colonial Office List. Annual. London.
Codrington (B. H.), The Melanesians, their Anthropology and Folklore. London, 1896.
Fiirness{\N. H. ), The Home Life of Borneo Head-Hunters. London, 1902.
^uinefnarfi (F. H. H.), Australasia. Vol.11. Lon.lon. New ed. 189L
Haddon (Alfreil C), Head-Hunters, Black, White, and Brown. London, 1901.
