JUSTICE AKD CRIME 131
in certain years, more than half from fees and provincial resource*, the rest from local rates, municipal funds, endowments, kc. : —
1918-H
1914-15
1915-16
1918-17
191 :
1918-19
£ 6,696,585
£ 7,296,291
7,407,968
i
7,525,538
7,880,609
£ ' 8,657,53?
A system of State Scholarships exists by which it is possible for a boy to pass from the village school to the University. There are also State Technical Scholarships : and Indian Government Sehola every year)
to Indian graduates to enable them to pursue their studies at a British University.
Notwithstanding the recent great progress of education, the proportion able to read and write is still very small.
During 1918 the following newspapers and periodicals were published: in Madras 254 ; Bombay, 140 ; Bengal, 353 ; United Provinces, 359 ; Punjab, 264 ; Burma, 35 ; Bihar and Orissa, 59 ; Central Provinces and Berar, 29 ; Delhi, 28. They were published in the following languages or dialects English, Bengali, Hindi, Uriya, Kanarese, Sindhi, Sanskrit. Burmese, Chinese Urdu, Persian, Gujrathi, Marathi, Karen, Pwo-Kai Karen,
Tamil, Telegu, Malayalam, Arabic, Hindustani, Khasi, Lnshai, Ajmer. Merwara, and Gurmukhi. (The figures include bilingual and polylingual publications. )
Justice and Crime.
The Presidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Bengal, and also the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, the province of Bihar and Orissa, and the provinces of the Punjab and Delhi, have each a supreme high court, with 12, 8, 15, 9, 3, 7 and 8 judges, respectively, in 1920. There is appeal to the Privy Council in England. The Central Provinces and Berar, Oudh, North-West Frontier Province, Coorg, Sind, Upper Burma, and Chota Nagpur have judicial commissioners. Lower Burma has a chief court with rive judges (in 1930). For Assam the high court of Calcutta is the highest judicial authority. Below these courts are, for criminal cases, Courts of Session, and below these, Courts of Magistrates (first, second, and third class). The inferior civil courts are determined by special acts or regulations in each province. The most extensive system consists of the sessions judge acting as a ' District Judge '; subordinate judges ; and below them ' Munsifs'. There are also numerous special courts to try small causes. Side by side with the civil courts there are revenue courts, presided over by officers charged with the duty of settling and collecting the land revenue.
The number of officers exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction on December 31, 1918, was as follows : —
Courts
Civil
Criminal
Total
Provincial District Subordinate .
M 1,570
200
■M 7,460
1,621 9,030
Total
. ;
8,540
10,947
K 2
