CHINESE OUTER TERRITORIES 761
There are British Consular representatives at Peking, Amor, Canton
- C.G.), Changsha, Chefoo, Cheng-tu (C.G.), Chinkiang, Chung-king, Foo-
chow, Hang-chow, Hankow (C.G.), Harbin, Ichang, Kiukiang, Kiungchow. Mukden (C.G.), Newchwang, Nanking, Pakhoi, Shanghai (C.G.), Swatow, Teng-Yueh, Tien-tsin (C.G.), Wuchow. "Wuhu, Yunnan-fu (C.G.).
Chinese Outer Territories.
Manchuria, lying between the province of Chihli and the Amur river, and extending from the Hingan mountains eastwards to Korea and the Ussuri river, has an area of about 363,610 square miles and a population probably of about 20,000,000, but variously estimated at from 5,750.000 to 29,400,000. It consists of 3 provinces, Sheng-King or Feng-tien (area, 56,000 sq. miles; pop. 10,312,241), capital Mukden; Kirin (105,000 sq. miles; pop. 6,000,000), capital Kirin : and Heilung-chiang or the Amur province (203,000 sq. miles : pop. 1,500,000) with Heilung Hsien (Tsitsihar) (popu- lation 30,000) for its capital. The population given above for Fengtien pro- vinces is from an official Chinese statement of November, 1908, which also gives the agricultural population as 2,520,145, and the cultivated area as 4,333,333 acres, but these figures must be taken with reserve. The chief towns are Mukden, the capital, with about 158,132 inhabitants ; Newchwang (50,000) standing about 30 miles up the Liao river, at the mouth of which is the port of Ying-k'ou (60,000) often called Newchwang. Besides Newchwang, Mukden, An-tung, Tatung-kou, Tiehling, (28,492) Tungchiangtzu, (7,299) and Faknmen, (19,432) are open to commerce. Other important towns are Hsin-min-fu (20,000), Liao-yang (40,000), Feng-hwang-cheng (25,000), and Taonanfn, a town rapidly risen to importance, on the border of Eastern Mongolia. In Kirin province is the town of Chang-chun (Kwangchengtze), with 80,000 inhabitants. It is proposed to establish a university in Manchuria.
There is no longer 3 Manchu population in Manchuria. A few scattered communities alone remain. Within quite recent years Manchuria has been colonised by Chinese from the Northern Provinces of China and the immigration still continues by road and sea. Owing to the development of the Soya Bean industry (cultivated on some 5,000.000 acres) and the improved railway facilities, Manchuria has grown more rapidlv in wealth than any other part of China. Manchuria is primarily an agricultural country, its soil is one of the richest in the world. In 1915 it was estimated that 21,757,923 acres of land were cultivated by 18,767,159 people. Millet, beans, wheat, and rice are the principal crops. Industry is also developing ; in 1917 there were 1,899 factories employing 49,601 workpeople. Manchuria is rich in minerals.
The Russian lease of Port Arthur and Talien-wan, and the southern extremity of the Liao-tung peninsula and the South Manchurian Railway were transferred to Japan by the Portsmouth Peace Conference, September 5, 1905. On December 22, 1905, China gave official recognition to this transfer and granted Japan the right to extend the railway from Mukden to Antung at the mouth of the Yalu river, where it connects with the Korean railway. In 1912 a branch line 78 miles) from Changchuu, the northern terminus of the Japanese South Manchurian Railway to Kirin, constructed by joint Japanese and Chinese enterpri c e, was opened to traffic The total length of the South Manchurian Railway is 684 miles (Dairen to Changohun, main line, 437 miles; branch to Port Arthur, 31 miles ; branch toNewchwang, 13 miles ; Fushun coal mines, 30 miles ; and Mukden
