30 THE BRITISH EMPIRE: — UNITED KINGDOM
of the province also present the names of two or three eligible persons to the Pope. The new bishop is generally chosen from this latter number ; but the appointment virtually rests, with the cardinals. The emoluments of a bishop arise from his parish, which is generally the Joest in the diocese, from licences of marriage, &c, and from the cathedraticum, a small contribution paid by incumbents of parishes. The incomes of all classes of the Roman Catholic clergy of Ireland arise partly from fees, but principally from Christmas and Easter dues, and other voluntary offerings. Number of priests in Ireland (1919), about 3,830.
The Church of Ireland (Protestant Episcopal) ceased to be ' established by law ' by Act of Parliament (1869) 32 & 33 Vict. cap. 42. It has (1920) two archbishops, 11 bishops, and 1,500 clergymen ; 1,400 churches. Previous to disestablishment its income was 600,000/., and its entire capital was estimated at 14.000.000Z. By the Disestablishment Act about 7,600,000Z. was allotted to it byway of commutation, and 500.000Z. in lieu of private endowments. The Church is governed by a General Synod, consisting of a House of Bishops (13 in number) and House of Representatives (208 clerical and 416 lay members). There are also 23 diocesan synods. The funds of the Representative Body on December 31, 1918, amounted to 9,569,302/.
The largest Presbyterian body consists of 36 presbyteries, and has 626 ministers and 561 congregations, with 105,000 members ; contributions during year 1919-20, 265,900/.; total church income, 348,000/. This Church has two colleges, one in Belfast purely theological, the other (Magee College) in Londonderry with theological, literary, and scientific departments. The two together have 15 professors and lecturers.
The proportion of marriages in Ireland in 1919 according to the modes of celebration was: Roman Catholic, 68-9 per cent.; Church of Ireland, 15-6 per cent.; Presbyterian, iri per cent.; civil contract, 1*9 per cent.; other denominations, 2*5 per cent.
Instruction.
University Education. In England the highest education is given at the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the former having 22 colleges and 3 private halls, and the latter 17 colleges and 1 hall ; the university of Durham, founded in 1831, with a college of medicine, and since 1871, a college of science at Newcastle ; the university of London, founded in 1836 and reorganised in 1900 so as to be a teaching as well as an examining body, with 24 colleges or schools giving instruction in 8 faculties ; the Victoria University (Manchester), founded in 1880 • the Birmingham University, founded in 1900 ; the Liverpoo. Uni- versity, founded in 1903 ; the Leeds University, founded in 1904 ; the Sheffield University, founded in 1905 ; and the Bristol University, founded in 1909. There are also University Colleges at Exeter, 51 lecturers, &c, 740 students, 1919-20; Nottingham (founded 1881), 122 lecturers, and 2,/60 students, 1920-21 ; Reading (started with the establishment of art classes in 1860), 113 lecturers, &c, 1,600 students, 1919-20 : and Southampton (founded 1850) 39 lecturers, &e., 900 students, 1921. There are special Agricultural Colleges at Carlisle, Cirencester, Glasgow, Newport (Shropshire), Kingston- on-Soar (Derby), Wye (Kent), Uckfield (Sussex), and Ripley (Surrey). Ihe university of Wales, founded in 1903, has 3 colleges (Cardiff, Aberystwyth, and Bangor). In Scotland there are 4 universities, viz., at St Andrews, founded 1411 ; Glasgow, 1450 ; Aberdeen, 1494 : Edinburgh, 1582. Ihe Carne K io trust, founded in 1901 with a capital of 2,000,000/.. has an annual income of 100.000/., of which half is devoted to the equipment and expansion of the Scottish Universities and half to assisting students. In Irraml^ t he university of Dublin, founded 1591. In 1909 was founded in Dublin the
