832
FINLAND
elementary school teachers, with 764 students (475 women) ; 6 for infant school teachers, 175 students. There were also 42 popular high schools, 1,836 pupils (1,259 girls). For elementary education there were in the country 3,528 higher elementary schools, 155,890 pupils (76,934 girls) ; 705 lower elementary schools, 21,000 pupils (1915) : 1,543 infant schools under superintendence of the Church, 197,721 pupils. In the towns 1,231 classes of higher elementary schools, 36,615 pupils (18,379 girls) ; (1917) 35 preparatory schools for secondary education, 2,096 pnpils. There are besides 5 navigation schools, with 48 pupils ; 21 commercial schools with 1,671 pupils ; 33 trade schools, with 2,182 pupils ; 13 technical schools, with 741 pupils; 106 schools for arts and crafts ("slbjd"), with 3,379 pupils ; 44 agricultural, 6 dairy schools, 37 cattle-management schools, and 36 horticultural schools with 3,253 pupils ; 5 forestry schools with 160 pupils. The school age in the primary schools is from 7 to 15 years. In 1919-20 there were altogether 2,754 men and 3,548 women teachers in Finland, and 215,995 pupils.
In 1919 there were published 231 newspapers and reviews in Finnish, 95 in Swedish, 12 in Swedish and Finnish, and 1 in German.
Pauperism and Crime.
The number of paupers in 1918 supported by the towns and the village communities was 210,234 (6 '3 per cent, of the population) ; and the total cast was 52,992,316 marks.
At the end of 1917, the prison population numbered 4,022 men and 383 women, while the number of sentences pronounced at the end of 1918 was 18,631 for crimes, and 8,754 in civil cases.
Finance.
Revenue and expenditure for 6 years in thousands of marks : —
1916
1917
1918
19191 19201 1921 1
Revenue . Expenditure
808,147 268,100
, 1520,000 487,846
1,252,170 1,085,104
984,144 i 1,545,545 2,332, 101 932,104 | 1,350,733 2,332,41'!
i Estimates. The main items of the ordinary budget for 1920 were as follows :—
Revenue
Crown lands
Railways
Direct taxrs .
Import duties
Export duties
Tobacco tax
Mixed tuxes
Postages
Export and licence dm ies
Marks
101,663,000 290,000,000 827,1*8,000
300.000,011" 30,000,00*1
120,000,00(1
86,404,1
45 "OO.oiMi
170,000,000
Expenditure
Total (including all items) 1,545,544,650
President
Parliament
State Council
Justice . . . .
Civil Service .
Ministry of Foreign Affair;
Army and N;ivy
Church and Education .
Agriculture
Communications .
Commenv and Industry
Pensions
Debt ...
Total (including all items)
Marks
1,021,000 4,232,000 7,135,600 47,745,600 ra,913,960
203,218,900 07. 00:.. 7 50 66,800,601)
- t2'.i,so.'.,300
22,402,564 20,075,300
187,066,510
1,350,782,034
