888 FRANCE: — MADAGASCAR
1911 a French force occupied Arada, some miles to the north of th» capital, Abeshr, which is in communication with Benghazi, on the coast of Tripoli, by caravans, and in 1913 Ain-Galakka.
Governor -General of Equatorial Africa. — J. Augagneur (May, 1920).
Cameroon.— The former German Colony of Kamerun, including the area of French Equatorial Africa ceded by France to Germany, was occupied by French and British troops in 1916. The greater portion of the territory has been placed under French administration, and a strip on the southern border of Nigeria under British. The total area allotted to France amounts to 166,489 square miles, excluding the 107,270 square miles ceded to Germany in 1911. - Imports in 1918 amounted to 13,528,967 francs; exports to 7,857,214 francs. General budget for 1920 balances at 7,370,500 francs; special railway budget, 2,913,000 francs. Chief products are coffee, tobacco, palm oil, and ivory. The country has 213 miles of good roads, and 359 miles of railway. See also p. 255.
Commissioner. — M. Garde (appointed December 5, 1919).
References-
Annuaire du Gouvemeur General de L'Afrique Equatoriale Franchise. Paris.
Bruel (G.), L'Afrique Equatoriale Franchise. Paris, 1918.
Chevalier (A.), Mission (Jhari-Lac Tchad, 1902-1904. Paris, 1907.
Cornet (Cap.), Au Tchad. Paris, 1911.
Cureau (A. L.) ( Savage Men in Central Africa. A Study of Primitive Races in the French Congo. London, 1915.
De Chavannes, La Mission de Brazza. Paris, 1SS6.
Foa (E.), La Traversee de l'Afrique du Zambeze au Congo francais. Paris, 1900.
Foureau (F), De l'Algerie au Congo par le Tchad. Paris, 1902.
GentiJ(E.), La Chute de 1' Empire de Rabah. Paris, 1902.
Lar0«au(Col.), La Situation du Territoire Milita du Tchad au debut de 1912. Paris, 1913.
Mezieret (A. B. de), Rapport de Mission sur le Haut Ouban^ui, le M'Bomou et le B»hr-el-Ghazal. Paris, 1903.
Morel (E. D ), The British Case in French Congo. London, 1903.
Oppenheim (M. F. von), Rabeh und das Tschadsee Gebict. Berlin, 1902.
Jibing (Dutreuil de), Le Congo. Paris, 1885.
Houdet-Saunt (M.), L'Afrique Equatoriale Franchise. Paris, 1916.
Rouget (F.), L'Expansion Coloniale au Congo francais. Paris, 1906.
MADAGASCAR.
Government.
The last native sovereign of Madagascar, Ranavalona III. (born 1861, died 1916), succeeded in 1883. The French having claimed a portion of the north-west coast as having been transferred to them by local chiefs, hostilities were carried on in 1882-84 against the Hovas, who refused t<> recognise the cession. In 1885 peace was made, Diego Suarez having been surrendered to France. A French Resident-General was received at the capital, and the foreign relations of the country were claimed to be regulated by France. By the Anglo-French agreement of August 5, 1890, the protectorate of France over Madagascar was recognised by Great Britain ; but the Native Government steadily refused to recognise any pro- tectorate. In May, 1895, a French expedition was despatched to enforce the claims of France, and on October 1, the capital having been occupied. a treaty was signed whereby the Queen recognised and accepted the protectorate. By a unilateral convention made in January, 1896, Madagascar became a French possession, and by law promulgated August 6, 1896, the island and its dependencies were declared a French colony.
Governor- General.— Hubert Garbit (appointed March 14, 1920).
