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II. POLITICAL HISTORY
Chronological Summary
| 1535 | French rights in "Holy Places " (reasserted 1740, 1878). |
| 1649 | French assertion of protection of Maronites (confirmed 1727, 1792, 1901). |
| 1774 | Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji. Russian protection of Christians. |
| 1788-1840 | Beshir Omar el-Shehab in Lebanon. |
| 1791 | Jezzar (d. 1804) expels French residents. |
| 1799 | Napoleon invades Syria; defeated at Acre by Jezzar and British. |
| 1821 | American mission at Beirut. |
| 1831 | Egyptian invasion of Syria. |
| 1831-40 | Egyptian occupation. |
| 1841 | Egyptians expelled by British forces. |
| 1840-45 | Druse and Maronite troubles. |
| 1847-54 | Greek and Latin contention as to "Holy Places." |
| 1856 | Hatti Humayun. Equality of religions. |
| 1859 | French religious missions. |
| 1860 | Damascus massacre; French intervention. |
| 1861 | Organic Statute of the Lebanon. |
| 1864 | Law of the Vilayets. Direct administration of Syria. |
| 1869 | German Crown Prince's visit to Jerusalem. |
| 1870 | First Hebrew colony in Palestine (Alliance israélite universelle). |
| 1876 | Abdul Hamid Sultan. |
| 1878 | Treaty of Berlin; equal civil and political rights for all religions. |
| 1878 | British Jews settle in Palestine. |
| 1879 | Circassian colonies in Syria. |
| 1886 | Railway construction. |
| 1887 | Jerusalem Sanjak directly dependent on Porte. |
| 1888 | Further Hebrew colonies forbidden. |
| 1895 | Herzl and the Zionist movement. |
| 1898 | German Emperor's visit to Palestine. |
| 1904 | Hejaz Railway begun. |
| 1908 | Young Turk Revolution. |
| 1908 | German Jew colonies increase. |
