V.
��LOWERING OF THE FREEZING POINT.
��Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Glycerol . . Cane sugar . Formic acid . Phenol . . . Acetic acid . Butyric acid . Ether . . . Ammonia . . Aniline . . Oxalic acid .
��Solutions ix Water.
(Calculated Molecular Lowering, 18'6.)
. . . . 17-3 ] Hydrochloric acid .
.... 17-3 Nitric acid . . .
. . . . 17*1 Sulphuric acid . .
. . . . 18'5 Potassium hydroxide
. . . . 19*3 Sodium hydroxide .
. . . . 15*5 Potassium chloride .
. . . . 19*0 Sodium chloride
. . . . 18*7 Calcium chloride .
. . . . 16*6 Barium chloride
. . . . 19*9 Potassium nitrate .
. . . . 15'3 Magnesium sulphate
. . . . 2*2-9 ' Copper sulphate . .
��Solutions in* Benzene. (Calculated Molecular Lowering, 53.)
��From the results given, it is evident that in the majority of cases the experimental result agrees with the theoretical. There are, however, a number of exceptions. In benzene solution many substances (alcohols, phenol, and organic acids) give smaller values for the molecular lowering than would be expected; thus, e.g., a gram-molecule of methyl alcohol (CHgOH = 32) only exerts about half its normal action.
This deviation is easily explained by assuming that a gram-molecule of methyl alcohol in benzene solution weighs 64 grams, or, in other words, the chemical formula for this alcohol in benzene solution is (CH80H)2; the molecular lowering is then calculated to be 506. Other deviations between experimental and theoretical results can in most
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