140 ADVOWSON saint is called adtocatus Dei. The advocatw diaboli insists upon the weak points of the good man's or woman's life. Hence the name is sometimes popularly applied to those who detract from the characters of good men. ADVOWSON, in English law, the right of pre- senting to a vacant living in the church. Ad- vowson, according to Blackstone, signifies tak- ing into protection or patronage. When the lord of a manor built a church and endowed it, he acquired a right of nominating the minis- ters, provided they were canonically qualified. Advowsons are property, and as such purchas- able, provided that certain laws for the pre- vention of simony are not infringed in the pur- chase. These laws are, however, more fre- quently evaded than obeyed. The most ordi- nary form of advowson is the presentation of a duly qualified clergyman to the bishop for insti- tution into the living. The bishop has the right to reject the candidate presented ; but in a few rare cases the patron has a right of presenting a person without the bishop's interference. The benefices of the church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number ; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. The in- cumbents are maintained by tithes, or since the tithes commutation act by taxes in lieu pf tithes. The elective right of the congregation is unknown in the church of England, except in regard to those clergymen who perform du- ties in excess of the regular duties of the rec- tor or vicar; such for instance as lecturers, who are paid by voluntary contributions. UACUS, in Greek mythology, son of Jupiter and ^Egina, and first king of the island of JEgi- na. He was renowned for his justice, so that he was called upon to settle disputes not only among men, but even among the gods. His reputation was such that, on the occasion of an excessive drought in Greece, he was ap- pointed by the oracle of Delphi to intercede with the gods for rain, and his prayers were successful. After his death, Pluto made him one of the three judges of Hades. JEDILES (Let. </</,.<, a building, temple), Ro- man magistrates charged with the supervision of public buildings, archives, streets, roads, aqueducts, markets, baths, eating houses, places of amusement, and public games ; with the reg- ulation of prices of provisions, and of weights and measures; with the sanitary superinten- dence, and various other functions of a similar character. The aediles were originally of the plebeian order, and served as assistants to the tribunes of the people. Subsequently they be- came independent magistrates. In the earlier part of the 4th century B. C. two patrician aediles were added, who enjoyed the doable privilege of wearing the toga prcetexta and sit- ting on curule chairs (cediles curules). These privileges were soon after extended to their plebeian colleagues. In the latter periods of the republic the office of eedile became an object of great ambition to wealthy politicians, who sought to win the favor of the multitude by lavish expenditures on the public games.
- w I. or llrilui. a powerful people of Celtic
Gaul, between the Sa6ne and the upper Loire, which rivers separated their territory from the countries of the Sequani and Bituriges. They were the first Gallic tribes which concluded an alliance with the Romans, and having, after a struggle with the Sequani, fallen under the power of Ariovistus, the German ally of the latter, were restored to power by Julius Caesar, shortly after the opening of his Gallic cam- paigns (58 B. C.). They joined, however, in the great rising against that conqueror under Vercingetorix (52), on whose fall they were len- iently treated by the victor. Their chief town was Bibracte, subsequently called Augustodu- num, now Autun, in Burgundy.
- (. KOV See BHIARECS.
JSGJSliS, a legendary king of Athens, father of Theseus. Misled by a false signal to be- lieve that his son had been killed in a contest with the Minotaur, he cast himself into the sea, which, according to some, was called after him the ^Egean. K.K IN SEA. See ARCHIPELAGO. K(.l . or Eglna (Turk. Engia), a Greek island in the Saronic gulf (now gulf of ^Egina), 12 m. S. S. W. of the Pirfeus, about 9 m. long from N. E. to S. W., and about 7 m. wide. Its western side consists of stony but fertile plains, which are well cultivated and produce luxuriant crops. The rest of the island is mountainous. The climate is the most healthy in Greece. From its hills a magnificent prospect unfolds itself. Its chief interest depends on its past history and its antiquities, it having been one of the most celebrated islands of Greece, both in the mythological and historical periods, and also in the sphere of art. It was a Dorian settlement, and was one of the first places in Greece noted for its maritime ascendancy. As early as 563 B. C. ^Egina had a factory in Egypt. It was a great rendezvous for pirates and slave traders, fugitive criminals and in- solvent debtors. The people of ^Egina, with their contingent of 80 ships, played a brilliant part in the great sea fight off Salamis. Its earliest enemy was Athens, which state event- ually, in 429 B. C., took possession of the island and expelled its inhabitants, ^gina, though often mentioned in the Greek authors, never recovered any political or commercial importance. Sulpicius, in one of his letters to Cicero, in which he alludes to a cruise in the Saronic gulf, speaks of ^Egina as a monument of departed greatness. Its chief temple was that of Zeus Panhellenins, or, in the opinion of some archaeologists, that of Minerva, mentioned by Herodotus. Cicero speaks of it as in ruins. In 1811 a company of German and British scholars cleared away the rubbish which had accumulated in the course of 2,000 years at the base of the temple, and after 20 days' excavat-
