426 AMLWCII cupied by cotton fields and forests ; its surface is somewhat uneven. The soil is fertile. The productions in 1870 were 254,784 bushels of corn, 53,702 of sweet potatoes, 11,233 Ibs. of rice, and 17,456 bales of cotton. Capital, Liberty. AMLWCH, a seaport town on the N. shore of the island of Anglesea, Wales, the terminus of the Chester and Holyhead railway; pop. in 1861, 5,949. The celebrated Parys copper mines, in its vicinity, which gave the town im- portance, have of late years greatly decreased in productiveness. AMMAN. I. Johann Konrad, a Swiss physician, born at Schaffhausen in 1669, died at War- mund, near Leyden, about 1725. He studied at Basel, but established himself in Holland. In 1692 he published an essay entitled Surdus Loquens (" The Deaf Speaking "), in which he gave an account of the results of his successful efforts in teaching a girl deaf and dumb from birth to articulate. In 1700 he published another essay entitled Dissertatio de Loquela. These two works were of great value to Hei- nicke, Braidwood, and De 1'Epee, who at a later period organized schools for the instruction of deaf mutes. He was also noted as an editor and translator of the classics. II. Jost, or Jodocns, a Swiss painter and engraver, born in ZGrich in 1539, died in 1591. In 1560 he es- tablished himself at Nuremberg, where he ac- quired fame, especially by his woodcut illustra- tions of Reineke Fuchs, Luther's Bible, Schop- pen's Panoplia, and many other works, being the best and most prolific illustrator of his time. His paintings are rare and much sought for. AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, a Roman soldier and historian, bora in Antioch, of a Greek family, died about A. D. 395. In his youth he embraced the military profession, and served under Ursicinus, one of the most celebrated of the generals of Constantius. In 363 he ac- companied the emperor Julian in his expedi- tion against the Persians. He ultimately set- tled at Rome, and devoted his latter days to the composition of his history of the emperors from the accession of Nerva, A. D. 96, to the death of Valens in 378. It comprised 31 books, the first 1 3 of which are lost. The style is vicious and inflated, but the work is highly valuable as an authority. AMMERGAU. See OBEB-AMMEBGATJ. AMMON, a deity extensively worshipped in ancient times in many countries of Africa and Europe. The Egyptians called him Amen or Amen-Ra (Ammon the Sun), the Hebrews Amon, the Greeks Zeus Ammon, and the Ro- mans Jupiter Ammon. His most celebrated temples were at Thebes in Upper Egypt, in the Libyan oasis of Ammonium (now Siwah), and at Dodona in Greece. He was generally repre- sented in the form of a ram, or as a human being with the head of a ram. This repre- sentation meant probably that Ammon stood in the same relation to men as the ram does to the flock ; that he was the guide, governor, and AMMON protector of the people. The derivations of the name Amen ure numerous, but none has as yet obtained general acceptance. AMMON, Christ oph Fried rich von, a German Protestant theologian and pulpit orator, born in Baireuth, Jan. 16, 1766, died in Dresden, May 21, 1850. He studied theology in Erlan- gen, in 1789 became professor of philosophy, and in 1792 professor of theology and preacher at that university. From 1794 to 1804 he was professor of the same branches in Gottingen, then until 1813 again in Erlangen, and from that time until his death Protestant court preacher, vice president of the consistory, and afterward member of the ministry of worship in Dresden. In 1825 he accepted the old title of nobility, which his family had lost in 1640, together with their feudal estates, on account of their fidelity to Protestantism, and which the king of Bavaria had in 1824 restored to them. Ammon was, together with Bretschneider, Pau- lus, R6hr, and other German theologians of mi- nor mark, the father of what is known as Ger- man theological rationalism. In his principal work, "Development of Christianity into the Universal Religion " (Fortbildung des Christen- thums zur Weltreligion, 4 vols., Leipsic, 1833- '40), he holds that the Christian religion is perfectible not only in its external form as a church, but also in its substance and nature, and must be further developed if it is to em- brace the whole of humanity. Ho regards Jesus as a mere man, who attained the highest scope and elevation, and so became intimately united with God. Though he was among the first to introduce the Kantian philosophy into theology, and to lay a great stress on the use of reason in matters of revealed religion, he was no systematic and comprehensive thinker. Nice distinctions being at that time drawn among the rationalists between rational super- naturalism and supernatural rationalism, he called himself a follower of the latter school, according to which belief or faith begins where science ends, and revelation may make up for the deficiencies of reason. This position being too much exposed to objections from the side both of believers and unbelievers, he was some- times, as for instance by Schleiermacher in the dispute on "Harms's Theses," charged with duplicity ; and his last great work, " The Life of Jesus" (2 vols., Leipsic, 1842-'4), was even ridiculed on account of its undecided position in regard to the later critical theories of Strauss, Bruno Bauer, Feuerbach, and the Tubingen school. Among his other writings we may men- tion particularly ffandbuch der christlichen Sit- tenlehre (3 vols., Leipsic, 1823; 2d ed., 1838); Anleitung zur Kamelberedsamkeit (3d ed., Er- langen, 1826), more naturalistic in the 1st and 3d, more super-naturalistic in the 2d edition ; Entwurfeiner reinbiblischen Theologie (2d ed., 3 vols., Gottingen, 1801-'2); Summa Theologian Christiana (4th ed., Leipsic, 1830); and his last work, Die wahre und falsche Orthodoxie (Leipsic, 1849). He had the misfortune to see
