470 ANGUS MAKCITJS raising an army of 7,000 men, whom he kept at his own disposal and his own expense. .Ap- pointed prime minister by the queen regent, he kept the young king Louis XIII. under a re- straint that was little better than captivity ; and that prince before he was 17 years old gave his assent to a conspiracy formed by his favor- ite De Luynes (a man whose fortunes the mar- shal himself had made), to put the minister to death. The murder was committed before the Louvre by L'Hopital-Vitry, a captain of the royal guards, Du Hallier, and Perray; and Louis, presenting himself afterward at the win- dow, cried out, "Thanks to you, I am now king." Vitry was made marshal of France. The body of the murdered man, after a secret burial, was dug up by the mob, dragged to the Pont Neuf, gibbeted, and torn into a multitude of pieces, which were then sold to the infuriat- ed people. His widow, who is said to have been the first instrument of Richelieu's for- tunes, was accused of Judaism, corruption, and sorcery, and burned on the Place de Greve, July 8, 1617. She displayed great firmness, and declared that the only sorcery she had em- ployed toward the queen was " the power of a strong mind over a weak one." ANC1JS HAKCIIS, the fourth king of Rome, said to have been the grandson of Numa, and to have reigned from 640 to 616 B. 0. He re- vived the religious ceremonies which his grand- father had established, but which had fallen into desuetude. He waged successful wars against the Latins, took many of their cities, and transported their inhabitants to Rome. He founded a colony at Ostia, erected a fortress on the Janiculum, and caused several other works to be constructed, which added to the strength and security of his capital. ANCl'RA (now Angora), an ancient city of Asia Minor, originally in Phrygia, said to have been built by Midas, and to have derived its name from an anchor found on the place where it stood. It was enlarged by Augustus, was made the capital of the province of Galatia, and became a principal depot of the Romans for the productions of the East. A copy on marble blocks, erected by the inhabitants of Ancyra, of the inscriptions of Augustus's Roman bronze tablets, which was discovered by Touraefort, and has since been often ex- pounded by antiquaries, is known tinder the name of Monumentum Ancyranum. ANDALUSIA (Span. Andalucia, originally Vandalwia, from the Vandals who settled there in' the 5th century; in antiquity, Baetica), the most southern grand division of Spain, ly- ing between lat. 36* and 38 40' N., and Ion. 1 30' and 7 30' W. ; area, 27,153 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 3,200,944. It is bounded N. by Estre- madura and New Castile, E. by Murcia, W. by Portugal, S. "W. by the Atlantic, and S. and S. E. by the straits of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean. Its chief river is the Guadal- quivir, its mountain ranges the Sierra Nevada in the south and Sierra Morena in the north. ANDAMAN ISLANDS Mulhacen, a peak of the former, is 11,678 feet high. The climate is mild, the soil generally fertile, and the country level where not moun- tainous. The vegetation partakes both of the European and African character. In the south cotton and sugar cane are cultivated. These, with grain, olives, wines, figs, silk, cochineal, wool, and a fine breed of horses, are its chief products. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, an- timony, sulphur, coal, mercury, vitriol, serpen- tine marble, and alabaster are found. The mines, rich in antiquity, are now much neg- lected. The country is parcelled out into vast estates, belonging to the crown, the clergy, and large landed proprietors. Agriculture is in a very backward state. A large part of the plains is devoted to pasturage. The manufac- tures, once important, have greatly declined; the principal are those of woollens, silk, and leather. The chief cities are Seville, the seat of the captain general, Cadiz, Cordova, Grana- da, Jaen, Malaga, Almeria, and Huelva, each the capital of a province named after it. The chief ports are Cadiz and Gibraltar. The Andalu- sians are a mixed race, descended from Phoe- nicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Goths, Van- dals, and Moors, all of which nations are con- spicuous in the checkered history of the country. Physically they retain many of the peculiarities of the last-named people. They are animated and naturally intelligent. Trajan, the Senecas, and Lucan were natives of Andalusia. In the middle ages it was the flourishing home of Mos- lem and Jewish learning ; in modern times it has given Spain some of its most illustrious statesmen, painters, and authors. ANDAMAN ISLANDS, a long, narrow group of small islands in the E. part of the bay of Ben- gal, in Ion. 92 50' E., and between lat. 10 and 14 N., about 160 m. S. by W. of Cape Ne- grais, 100 m. N. of the Nicobar group, and 350 m. W. of the Tenasserim coast ; area, about 3,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,630. They include the North, Middle, South, and Little Andaman islands, with a number of islets, and are all densely wooded, producing ship timber and or- namental woods. The 1,000 natives are a di- minutive and barbarous people, who seem to be distinct from all other known races, and whose language has no apparent affinity with any other tongue spoken in India or the Indian islands. They are seldom more than five feet in height, have protuberant bellies, slender limbs, woolly hair, thick lips, flat noses, and small red eyes. Their color is a deep black. They wear no clothing except a thick plaster of mud, intended to resist the attacks of in- sects. They live in the most wretched huts, subsist by fishing, never till the ground, hare no implements that will resist fire, paint their heads with red ochre, will hold no intercourse with strangers, and are supposed to worship the sun and moon. The British formed a set- tlement at Port Cornwallis on the largest of the islands in 1793, with the purpose of making a penal colony for convicts from Bengal, but
