528 ANJOTJ through his marriage (1127) with the empress Matilda the father of Henry II. of England. Charles, brother of St. Louis, commonly called Charles of Anjou (born about 1220), a brave cru- sader heir to Anjou and Provence, became the founder of the younger branch which reigned over the Two Sicilies. In 1356 Anjou was made a duchy. Louis, son of King John II., was the first duke, and ancestor of the " good King Rene of Anjou." The last of this branch, Charles IV., bequeathed the duchy to Louis XL, who permanently annexed it to France (1483). Since that time Anjou has merely given honorary titles to Bourbon princes. Among them was Francois, fourth son of Henry II. and Catharine de' Medici, duke of Alencon, afterward duke of Anjou (born in 1554). He was famous for his zeal in favor of the Hugne- nots, and his opposition in the Netherlands to Philip II. After having been for a short time acknowledged by the Netherlander as ruler under the title of duke of Brabant (1582), they expelled him on account of his autocratic measures. lie was one of the' rejected suitors of Queen Elizabeth. Several descendants of Louis XIV. bore the title of dukes of Anjou. Louis XV. bore it anterior to that of dau- phin; and Philip V. was known in France under the same title before he became king of Spain, at the beginning of the 18th century. ANJOU, Margaret oft See MABOABET. AMvL l.M. an old town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Pomerania, on the river Peene, 6 m. from its mouth in the Stettin-Haff, 45 m. N. W. of Stettin, and 91 m. by railway N. of Berlin ; pop., including the three sub- urbs, in 1871, 10,739. It has an active trade. ANKWITZ, Mlkolaj, count, a Polish politician, executed in 1794. He was ambassador at Copenhagen, and deputy to the diet from Cra- cow. In the diet of Grodno, which was forced to sanction the second dismemberment of Poland, he played a prominent part ; and when the treaty consummating it was concluded with Russia, he was deputed to sign it on behalf of Poland, July 23, 1793. Immediately after- ward a salary of $13,000 was conferred upon Ankwitz by the Russian government, with the appointment of president of the council. When these facts became known, the rage of the peo- ple knew no bounds. On April 18, 1794, soon after the breaking out of the revolution of which Kosciuszko became the leader, he was accused of treason, and his correspondence was seized, which established his guilt. He was hanged, and buried in the felons' graveyard. ANNA CARLO VK A, grand duchess of Russia, originally called Elizabeth Catharine Christina, daughter of Charles Louis, prince of Mecklen- burg, and Catharina Ivanovna, daughter of the eldest brother of Peter the Great, born in 1718, died March 18, 1746. She was a niece of the empress Anna Ivanovna. In 1739 she married Anthony Ulrick, duke of Brunswick- Wolfen- buttel. They had in 1740 a son, Ivan, whom the empress Anna designed as heir to the Rus- ANNABERG sian crown, appointing Biron regent. After the death of the empress the same year, Anna Carlovna overthrew the regency of Biron and took affairs into her own hands, declaring her- self grand duchess. A year later (Decem- ber, 1741) she was overthrown by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, who was de- clared empress. The boy Ivan was shut up in the fortress of Schlusselburg, where he perished. Anna, her husband, and a daugh- ter were sent to Kholmogory, a small town on an island in the Dwina, near the White sea, where she died. ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis Comne- nus, emperor of Constantinople, and the empress Irene, born Dec. 1, 1083, died in 1148. She was married to Nicephorus Bryennius, a Greek nobleman of distinction, whom she incited after the death of her father, in 1118, to con- spire against her brother and seize the sceptre. The conspiracy failed, and Anna and her hus- band were banished from Constantinople and stripped of most of their property. Anna during her exile composed a biography of her father, which she styled Alexia%, This work is divided into 19 books, and, though very de- fective in many respects, is yet of great im- portance as a history of the period of which it treats. The best edition of the Alexias is Schopen's, published at Bonn in 1839. ANNA IVANOVNA, empress of Russia, born in 1693, died Oct. 28, 1740. She was the daughter of Ivan, the eldest brother of Peter the Great, and married the duke of Courland, who died previous to her ascending the throne. She became empress on the death of Peter II., grandson of Peter the Great, in 1730. Oster- mann, the great chancellor, and the then all- powerful princes Dolgoruki facilitated her ele- vation over the heads of two daughters of Peter the Great, as Anna promised a limitation of the autocracy. But Anna brought from Cour- land to Moscow her favorite, the former equerry Biron, who prevented her from keeping her promise, exiled the Dolgorukis to Siberia, and ruled absolutely over the empress and the na- tion. He organized the system of espionage over all classes, officials and private individu- als, which with more or less rigor prevailed for more than a century. Anna interfered in the affairs of Poland, in 1733, in favor of Augus- tus III. against Stanislas Leszczynski, and obliged the Courlanders to choose Biron for their sovereign duke, and on her deathbed named him regent during the minority of her nephew Ivan ; but a revolution overthrew him, and he was exiled to Siberia. ANNABERG, a town of Saxony, in the Erzge- birge, 2,000 feet above sea level, in the district of Zwickau, 19 m. by railway S. of Chemnitz; pop. in 1871, 11,639. The mining, formerly of great importance, has been diverted to other localities, and the government department relating to it was removed in 1856 to Marien- berg. Annaberg, however, besides being the seat of various district authorities, continues
