754 ARMY when he had 200,000 men in Spain, 200,000 in France Italy, Germany, and Poland, and m- vaded'RuS with 450,000 men and 1,300 guns, was equalled in 1870 when Prussia put almost her entire armed force in the field against France, under the immediate command of King William, assisted by Gen. Von Moltke and an able assemblage of army and corps commanders. This remarkable campaign, al- though it was characterized by no extraor- dinary loss of life either to the French or the Prussians, resulted in the capture or annihila- tion of the entire French army and the com- plete prostration of the French empire. The Prussian army engaged in the campaign earned for itself the reputation of being the most per- fect, all things considered, in the world. Its artillery and infantry are specially good, but its cavalry seems to be behind the age. The military system of the United States is based upon volunteer armies raised as occasion de- mands. During the civil war, from first to last, 2,690,401 men (including reenlistments) were enrolled, equipped, and organized into armies. The principal of these were the army of the Potomac, the army of the Tennessee, the army of the Cumberland, and the army of the Ohio ; the last three were finally united into one command, known as the military division of the Mississippi. The troops constituting these, armies were raised by the various loyal states, by regiments, under proclamation and demand from the president of the United States, the numbers being apportioned by the secretary of war, through the provost marshal general, according to the population of the respective states. As soon as the various regiments were mustered into the service of the United States, they were under the complete control of the general government, and were afterward as- signed to brigades, divisions, corps, and armies, according to the requirements of the service, and generally without regard to the states from which they came. They received their pay, arms, clothing, and subsistence from the United States, though, with a few exceptipns, as in the case of the colored troops, the field and line offi- cers received their commissions and promotions from the governors of their respective states. All general and general staff officers were com- missioned by the president, and no officer after having been mustered into the service of the United States could be dismissed by the state authorities. The requisitions upon the various states were generally filled with a reasonable degree of promptitude, although, owing to the great expansion of the currency due to the emission of paper money and the great stimula- tion of the various industries of the country engaged in the production of army snpplies, the rates of wages advanced so rapidly that before the war ended it became exceedingly difficult to raise volunteers, except by the pay- ment of bounties amounting in many instances to $1,500 per man. The use of this system re- sulted in the success of the national arms, but ARNAULD at an extravagant cost in men, material, and money. Immediately after the termination of the war the volunteer army, amounting to about 1,100,000 men, was quietly and rapidly disbanded, the various regiments returning to their respective states, and becoming at once absorbed in the body of the people, without the slightest disturbance of the peace and order of society, or derangement of its industries. The regular army, which during the war had been increased from about 18,000 men to some- thing over 50,000, was reduced by successive steps to 30,000 men. This force is mainly used for garrisoning the permanent fortifications, for protecting the highways across the continent, and preserving order among the Indian tribes of the west. ARNAULD, a French family, several members of which are noted in connection with the con- vent of Port Royal and the Jansenist contro- versy. I. Antolne, born in Paris in 1560, died there, Dec. 29, 1619. He was an advocate, and gained celebrity by an argument in 1594 against the Jesuits, and in favor of the uni- versity of Paris. He was the author of Avia au roi Louis XIII. pour lien regner, and of various other writings. He was a Roman Catholic, although denounced by the Jesuits as a Huguenot. He was the father of 20 children, ten of whom died young, and the others, four sons and six daughters, became connected with the Port Royal convent. II. Robert Arnanld il'Vmlilh, eldest son of the preceding, born in Paris about 1588, died at Port Royal, Sept. 27, 1674. He was originally an advocate, and like his father distinguished himself by a plea for the university of Paris and against the Jesuits. At the age of 55 he retired to a farm adjoining the convent of Port Royal, where he passed the remainder of his life in seclusion, devoting his time to theological subjects, and writing and translating. Among his works are trans- lations of the " Confessions " of Augustine and of Josephus's "History of the Jews," memoirs of his own life, La vie de Jesus (a poem), and Vies des saints peres du desert et de quelques saintes (3 vols. 8vo), which he considered his best work. III. Henri, bishop of Angers, bro- ther of the preceding, born in Paris in 1597, died at Angers about 1692. He was destined for the bar, but on receiving from the crown the gift of the abbey of St. Nicholas, entered the church. He was elected bishop of Toul by the diocesan chapter, but, some question arising, he refused to accept the position. In 1645 he went to Rome to appease the quarrel between the Barberini family and Pope Innocent X. ; in this he was so successful that a medal was struck and a statue erected in his honor. Re- turning to France, he was in 1649 made bishop of Angers. He became a zealous Jansenist, and was one of the four bishops who refused to sign the acceptance of the papal bull con- demning the Augmtinus of Jansenius. He was accustomed to take only five hours' sleep, that he might gain time for prayer and reading the
