344 CHAULIAO CHAUMONT put a black veil over their faces, or blackened them with soot. < II.U l.l 1C, ( iii:li;ic. or ( hanlien. Got de, a French surgeon of the 14th century, studied at Mont- pellier and Bologna, practised his profession in Lyons, and was afterward employed by three popes of Avignon, Clement VI., Innocent VI., and Urban V. lie is the author of a remark- able treatise on surgery, entitled Intentarium, sine Collectorium Partis Chirurgicfili* Medi- cince, which was translated into French by Laurent Joubert, under the title of Grande chirurgie, and accompanied with annotations and an index by his son Isaac Joubert (8vo, Lyons, 1592). This was the first work of impor- tance on the principles and practice of surgery published in Europe after the middle ages, and during two centuries it was considered the classical work on that branch of science. It is even now esteemed for its simplicity and clear- ness on many points. Plasters and poultices, ointments and embrocations were almost the only resources of surgical practice in western Europe before the time of Chauliac. He rees- tablished the practice of such operations as had been described and performed by the ancient Greeks and the Arabian surgeons, invented sev- eral new instruments, and undertook certain op- erations on the crystalline lens, for the restora- tion of sight, in cases of cataract. He laid the foundations of the modern principles and prac- tice of surgery ; and though his works are tinged with astrological notions, they are replete with practical instruction. He also wrote a descrip- tion of the plague which visited France in 1348, and by which he was himself attacked. < II U I.I i:i . i.iiiil.iiniM' iniv j c df , a French poet, born at Fontenay in 1639, died in Paris, June 27, 1720. By his associates he was called the Anacreon of France, and by Voltaire the first of neglected poets. The best edition of his works appeared in 1774, in 2 vols. 8vo. His Lettres ineditcs were published in 1850. < II Al MKTTK, Pierre Gaspard, a French revolu- tionist, born at Nevers, May 24, 1763, guillo- tined in Paris, April 13, 1794. He was the son of a shoemaker, but ran away from home, and became cabin boy and steersman on a river vessel. In 1789 he was a lawyer's clerk at Paris, and became a journalist and popular revolutionary orator, lie was engaged in the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792, and in Septem- ber was appointed procureur of the commune, in which capacity he vindictively prosecuted Louis XVI. and his family. He got up those fetes in which everything sacred and decent was profaned in the name of reason. He took part in the movement of May 31, 1793, which overthrew the Girondists, and later he joined Ilebert and Anacharsis Clootz in a conspiracy against the Mountain, as too lenient toward the aristocrats. His atheistic speeches and popular excesses alarmed even Danton and Robespierre, and the conspiracy being discov- ered, its authors were arrested March 13, 1794, and Hebert and Clootz were executed. Chaumette, whose popularity made him formi- dable, was not imprisoned at that time, but some days after was brought before the tribu- nal, condemned, and executed. His memory was execrated bv all parties. CHilMONOT, or Chamnonnot, Pierre Marie Jo- seph, a French missionary, born near Chutillon- sur-Seine in 1611, died at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada, Feb. 21, 1693. In early life he en- tered the society of Jesus in Rome, and was sent at his own request as a missionary to the North American Indians. In company with Pere Poncet he landed at Quebec in 1639, and devoted himself to the instruction of the Hu- rons, Petuns, and Neutrals. He resided among these tribes until the Ilurons were dispersed by the Iroquois, when he accompanied a email body of fugitives to Quebec in 1650. In the following year he removed with the Ilurons to Isle Orleans, where a Christian settlement was formed. In 1655 he visited the Onondagas, but returned to his flock in 1658, and was in- strumental in founding the mission of Notre Dame de Foye, five miles from Quebec. This establishment was removed to Lorette in 1693, and soon alter Pere Chaumonot closed his ca- reer alter more than half a century of hard- ships. He left an excellent grammar of the Huron language, published by the literary and historical society of Quebec in 1885 ; a list of radical and derivative words, a catechism, and a series of instructions, all in the same language, and a memoir of his own life addressed to his superior. These last have not been published, CHAIMONT, or Chamuont-en-Basslfniy, a town of France, capital of the department of Haute- Marne, about 1 m. from the confluence of the Marne and the Suize, 183 m. 8. E. of Paris; pop. in 1866, 8,285. It has a departmental college and a public library of 37,000 volumes. There is a triumphal arch begun by Napoleon I. and finished by Louis XVIII. The manufac- ture of iron wares forms the leading indus- Castle of Chaumont. try; but there Are manufactories of woollens, linen and cotton yarn, and a considerable trade in iron wares, grain, and skins. The allied powers concluded a treaty here against Napo-
