CHISHOLM CHITOEE 493 tions in 1870 were 32,857 bushels of wheat, 13,603 of Indian corn, 39,596 of oats, 16,975 of potatoes, 6,242 tons of hay, and 100,975 Ibs. of butter. There were 378 horses, 1,027 milch cows, 1,774 other cattle, 1,387 sheep, and 988 swine. Capital, Chisago City. CHISHOLM, Caroline (Jones), an English philan- thropist, born at Wootton, Northamptonshire, in 1810. In her 20th year she married an offi- cer of the Indian army, with whom she pro- ceeded to Madras, where she established a school for the orphans of British soldiers. In 1838 she removed with Capt. Chisholm to Australia, and at Sydney she found a new call upon her exertions in the numerous young wo- men landed there in destitution from emigrant ships. Having obtained an old building for an asylum, she trained and instructed the girls while under her charge, and found situations for both men and women. Between 1841 and 1845 she procured employment for 11,000 per- sons, to whom she had lent in small sums 1,200, the whole of which, excepting 16, was repaid to her. She returned to England in 1846, with thanks and a testimonial from dis- tinguished citizens of Sydney; instituted the family colonization society, by which passage money was paid in weekly instalments ; and in many ways planned to relieve emigrants of the poorer classes. She went back to Australia in 1854, but returned to England in 1866. Du- ring her first residence in Australia she pub- lished " Voluntary Information of the People of New South Wales." CHISWICK, a village and parish of Middlesex, England, 5 m. W. of Hyde Park corner, Lon- don, on the left bank of the Thames ; pop. in 1871, 8,508. It is one of the most charming suburbs of London, and contains handsome villas, the gardens of the London horticultural society, and Chiswick house, a celebrated sub- urban villa belonging to the duke of Devon- shire, where Fox and Canning died, and where Paxton, the architect of the crystal palace of 1851, was employed previous to being trans- ferred to the duke's country seat at Chatsworth. CHITON, a genus of marine animals, generally arranged as a family of gasteropod mollusks. The shell is composed of eight transverse im- Chiton gquamosus and C. spinosus. bricated plates, attached to a thick mantle which forms an expanded margin around the body ; the border of the mantle is either bare or covered with minute plates, hairs, or spines. The animal has a broad creeping disk, like the limpet ; no eyes, no tentacles, but a long linear tongue in a cartilaginous proboscis, well armed with teeth. Heart central, and elongated like the dorsal vessel in annelids; sexes united; intestine straight, and anal orifice posterior and median. The name is derived from the resem- blance of the shell to a coat of mail (Gr. x tT ^ v )' More than 250 species are known, occurring in all climates, throughout the world ; most abun- dant on rocks at low water, but some live at a depth of 100 fathoms; they have existed from the Silurian period. It is an aberrant form of mollusk, and some are inclined to place it rather among articulates, or at least as a form leading to the articulates. Some of the tropi- cal species grow to a large size, and their mus- cular foot is often used as food. CHITORE, Chittor, Chetore, or Chittorgnrh, a town of British India, formerly the capital of the rajahship of Odeypoor, situated on the river Biruch or Beris, over which is a bridge of nine arch- es, 36 m. N. W. of Neemutch, and 100 m. S. of Nusseera- bad ; lat. 24 52' N., Ion. 74 41' E. It contains three large temples, and a re- markable structure called the pillar of victory, erected in 1439 to commemo- rate the defeat of the combined ar- mies of Malwa and Guzerat by Eana Khumbo, who gov- erned Odeypoor from 1418 to 1468. It is 122 ft. high, covered with my- thological sculp- tures in white mar- ble, and has nine stories, the whole surmounted by a cupola. There are several large reser- voirs, but the most important feature of the town is its fortress, built on a high scarped rock, and considered a work of great strength. Its walls, though enclosing only an irregular and not very extensive area, are said to describe a circuit of 12 m. Most of the notable buildings are within this enclosure. After undergoing several changes of rulers, Chitore was stormed by the emperor Akbar in 1568, when the Kajpoot garrison, 8,000 strong, after exhaust- ing every means of resistance and all hope of relief, sacrificed their wives and children, and Pillar of Victory.
