508 CHODZKO CHOISEUL numbered about 2,000, but they were generally small and executed for booksellers and news- papers. His subjects are chiefly illustrative of incidents in common life and history, and are remarkable for their expression. Of his oil paintings, the "Blind Man's Buff" and the " Cock Fight " are in the Berlin museum, and the "Resting Place" in the museum of Leipsic. Jacobi, a printseller of Berlin, pub- lished a complete catalogue of his prints in 1814. There is another in Heineken'a "Dic- tionary," arranged according to the subjects. His son WILHELM (1765-1805) was also a distinguished engraver. CHODZKO, Alexander Boreyko, a Polish trav- eller, linguist, and poet, born at Krzywice, in Lithuania, July 11, 1804. He studied oriental languages at Wilna, went in 1829 to Persia, where he served as dragoman and consul, re- turned in 1841 to Europe, and has since resided mainly in France. As an author he is known by works in Polish, English, and French. His Polish poems, including translations from the Persian, appeared in Posen in 1833. His " Specimens of the Popular Poetry of Persia, as found in the Adventures and Improvisations of Kurroglou, the Bandit Minstrel of Northern Persia" (London, 1842), are valuable as spirit- ed translations, and for an appendix contain- ing fragments of the original songs in the Turkoman, Perso-Turkish, and Zendo-Persian languages. Among his other works are: Qrammaire persane (Paris, 1852) ; Le drago- man turc (1855) ; Repertoire du theatre persan (1856); and Chants populaires slaves (1865). CHODZKO, Jakob Leonard, a Polish scholar, born at Oborek, in the neighborhood of Wilna, Nov. 6, 1800. He studied at Molodeczno, where he enjoyed the friendship of Zan, and at Wil- na, under the guidance of the historian Lelewel. Having travelled as secretary of Prince Ogin- ski through nearly all Europe, he established himself in 1826 in Paris, where he published a memoir of the prince, with an introduction en- titled Observations sur la Pologne et les Polo- nais (Paris, 1827), and commenced collecting materials for a history of his country from the death of Augustus III. Afterward he pub- lished Histoire des legions polonaises en Italic (2 vols., Paris, 1829), and several other works relating to Poland. During the revolution of July, 1830, Lafayette appointed him his aide- de-camp; and after the outbreak of Nov. 29 of the same year in Warsaw, he acted as agent of the revolutionary 'government in France. He was an active member of the French-Polish and American-Polish committees. His wri- tings include Tableau des revolutions de la Po- logne (1837) ; La Pologne historique, litteraire, monumentale, &c. (3 vols. 8vo, 1834-'47); His- toire de Pologne (4to, 1855 ; 14th ed., 8vo, 1864); Histoire de Turquie (4to, 1855); and Contes des paysans et des p&tres slaves (1864). CHOZNIX (Gr. x oivt % )< a dry measure of capa- city among the ancient Greeks. Its size is va- riously given, and it is probable that it differed in the different states of Greece. Some ac- counts represent it as containing three cotylae,' or about 1-487 pint English; others make it equal to 1-982 pint; and still others give it as equal to 3-964 pints. The choenix appears to have been the daily allowance for one man, differing probably for various kinds of grain. < IKI uil.l s. I. An Athenian tragic poet, contemporary with Thespis and ^Eschylus, and perhaps also with Sophocles. He first com- peted for the tragic prize in 523 B. C., and was still highly esteemed as an author in 488. He carried off the tragic prize 13 times, and is said to have composed 150 tragedies, besides other works, all now lost. II. A Greek epic poet of Samos, who flourished in the 5th century B. C. He was a friend of Herodotus. A few frag- ments only are preserved of his poems. CHOI. See Knoi. CHOIN. I. Marie I'milic Joly de, a French no- ble woman, born in Bourg, died in 1744. In- troduced by the princess de Conti at the court of Louis XIV., his son, the dauphin, is said to have secretly married her, after which she was treated with the same regard which was paid to Mme. de Maintenon, the king eventually inviting her to reside near his court at Ver- sailles, but she preferred to remain at Meudon. After the death of the dauphin she lived in great retirement, and was respected for her dignity and virtues. II. Louis Albert Joly de, a French prelate, born in Bourg, Jan. 22, 1702, died April 16, 1759. In 1730 he became bish- op of Toulon, and acquired renown by the sim- plicity and purity of his life, by his charitable works, and by his Instruction sur le rituel (3 vols., Lyons, 1778; new ed. by Cardinal Gous- set, 6 vols., Besancon, 1828), which is noted for the fulness of its information on ecclesiastical subjects. CHOISEUL. I. Etienne Francois, duke de, a French statesman, born June 28, 1719, died in Paris, May 8, 1785. He was educated at a Jesuit college, and entered the army, being at first known as count de Stainville, and attained the rank of lieutenant general. Mme. de Pom- padour procured for him the embassy to Rome, and afterward to Vienna, and finally in 1758 the department of foreign affairs. A little after he was created duke and peer; in 1761 he was placed at the head of the war department, transmitting his former office to his cousin the duke de Praslin, and also presided over the navy. In 1766 he resumed his functions as minister of foreign affairs. He signalized his administration by many useful reforms in the army and navy. To prepare against the attacks of England, Choiseul concluded the treaty known as the family compact, by which all branches of the Bourbons were united to resist foreign aggression. He also published in 1764 the famous edict for the suppression of the Jesuits in France. When Mme. de Pompadour died, he could easily have preserved his office by courting the favor of her successor, Mme. du Barry ; but he treated her with such con-
