CLEVELAND CLEVES 677 versity of "Wooster are situated here. The homoeopathic hospital college, founded in 1849, which admits females, in 1871 had 17 professors, 436 students, and a library of 2,000 volumes. St. Mary's ecclesiastical seminary (Koman Catho- lic) has 3 professors and 25 students. The Western Reserve historical society has its seat here. The Cleveland library association have a reading room and a library of 12,000 or 15,000 volumes. The public library, opened in 1869, contains about 8,500 volumes. There
- are 6 daily newspapers (1 German), 3 tri-weekly,
1 semi- weekly (German), 10 weekly (2 German .and 1 Bohemian), and 1 semi-monthly and 7 monthly periodicals. The principal place for dramatic entertainments is the academy of music, besides which there are a Bohemian theatre, a German theatre, a theatre comique, and various other public halls for lectures, &c. The freemasons have 2 halls and 13 lodges, chapters, &c., of which 1 is for Germans; the odd fellows have a hall, 2 encampments, and 10 lodges (2 German). There are 10 temper- ance societies, and 25 lodges, &c., of other or- ders. The city contains 88 churches, divided as follows : 7 Baptist (1 German and 1 colored), 1 Bible Christian, 13 Roman Catholic (1 Bohe- mian, 1 French, and 4 German), 1 Christian, 5 Congregational (1 colored), 1 Disciples', 2 Evan- gelical (German), 4 Evangelical Association (3 German), 2 Evangelical Lutheran (German), 2 Evangelical Protestant (1 German), 1 Free Will Baptist, 1 Friends', 2 Jewish, 15 Methodist (2 German and 1 colored), 7 Presbyterian, 11 Epis- oopal, 4 Reformed (3 German), 1 Spiritualist, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Unitarian, 3 United Evangel- ical (1 German), 1 United Brethren (German), 1 Universalist, and 1 miscellaneous. There are a young men's Christian association, a women's Christian association, 2 convents, and 2 other Catholic religious associations. Cleveland was laid out in 1796, and was named in honor of -Gen. Moses Cleaveland, a native of Connec- ticut, under whose charge the first surveys in what is known as the Western Reserve were made. It was until 1806 confined to the E. shore of the Cuyahoga, and was an important strategic point in the war of 1812. A portion of what is now the city of Cleveland was in- corporated as a village in 1814. A city char- ter was granted in 1836. CLEVELAND, Charles Dexter, an American au- thor, born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 3, 1802, died in Philadelphia, Aug. 18, 1869. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1827, and was profes- sor of Latin and Greek at Dickinson college, And afterward -of Latin in the university of New York, till 1834. He then taught a school for young ladies in Philadelphia till 1861, when he was appointed United States consul at Car- din , Wales. He published " The Moral Char- acters of Theophrastus " (1827), "Compen- dium of Grecian Antiquities" (1828), " Compen- dium of English Literature " (1850), " Hymns for Schools" (1850), "English Literature of the Nineteenth Century " (1851), a critical edition of "Milton's Poetical Works" (1853), " Compendium of American Literature " (1858), " Compendium of Classical Literature " (1861), and " Lyra Americana" (1868). CLEVELAND, Henry Rnssell, an American au- thor, born in Boston in 1809, died in St. Louis, June 12, 1843. He graduated at Harvard college in 1827, prepared an edition of Sallust, wrote " The Life of Henry Hudson " in Sparks's "American Biography," and was a frequent contributor to literary periodicals. A collec- tion of his writings, edited by G. S. Hillard, has been published (Boston, 1844). CLEVENGER, Shobal Vail, an American sculp- tor, born at Middletown, Ohio, in 1812, died at sea, Sept. 28, 1843. In his youth he worked as a stonecutter in Cincinnati, where the figure of an angel which he carved on a tomb at- tracted attention. From Cincinnati he re- moved to Boston, where he executed busts of Webster, Clay, Van Buren, and others. He afterward went to Europe, taking up his resi- dence at Florence, where he executed many busts, which showed a rapid advance, and gave promise that he would attain the first rank in his profession. Having been attacked by pul- monary consumption, he embarked for Amer- ica, but died on the passage. CLEVES (Ger. Kleve or Cleve a town of Rhenish Prussia, in the district and 48 m. N. W. of the city of Dusseldorf, about 4 m. from the Dutch frontier and the Rhine; pop. in 1871, 9,038. It is built upon three gently sloping hills, in a fertile region with extensive valleys and woodlands, which in the 17th century were converted into pleasure grounds by Prince John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen, whose iron tomb is near the town. The mineral spring in the Thiergarten was restored in 1846, and a drink- ing hall and bath house were added in 1847. The castle of Schwanenburg, the former ducal residence, and the birthplace of Anne of Cleves, the fourth wife of Henry VIII. of England, is famous for its picturesque tower, said to have been built by Caesar. It is now used as a prison and for public offices. Among the other public buildings are the Prinzenhof, belonging to the princess of Waldeck ; a Roman Catholic church, with monuments of the counts of Cleves ; and places of worship for Protestants, Mennonites, and Jews. There are several schools and a gymnasium, and a monument of the elector of Brandenburg, John Sigismund, by Bayerle. It is connected with the Rhine by a canal, and by railway with other parts of Germany and with Holland. There are manufactories of cotton, leather, and tobacco. Cleves was formerly the capital of a county, and subse- quently of a duchy, which formed part of the Westphalian circle of the German empire, and in 1609 fell to Brandenburg, with the excep- tion of a portion annexed to Neuburg. By the treaty of Luneville (1801) a part of the duchy was ceded to France, and a part was in 1806 incorporated with the grand duchy of Berg. In 1815 the whole was restored to Prus-
